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{{Ratings}}
{{Status|Canon}}
{{Era|H1|H2|H3|HW|FOR|TF|FS|GOO|CH|HGN|UP|ILB|IRIS|DOA4|FA}}
{{Wikipedia}}
{{Planet
{{Planet infobox
|image=[[Image:Earth.JPG|250px|]]
|name=Earth
|name= Earth
|image=[[File:HTV-HalseyComputer-Earth.png|300px]]
|star, position= Sol, III
|system=[[Sol system]]
|moon(s)= Luna
|body=[[Sol]]{{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|satellite(s)= Many
|position=Third planet{{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|gravity= 1.01 G
|moon(s)=One; [[Luna]]{{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|atmosphere= .9 atm (N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>)
|diameter={{Convert|12756|km|mi|sp=us}}{{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|surface temperature= -18&deg; C to 38&deg; C
|gravity=1.0 G{{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|population= *10 Billion
|daylength=24 hours<ref name="HWULE">[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/locations/earth ''Halo Waypoint'': Universe - Location - Earth]</ref>
|species=[[Human]]
|yearlength=365.2 days{{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|societal approximation= Mixed/Democratic/Religious
|atmosphere=1.0 ([[Wikipedia:Nitrogen|N<sub>2</sub>]], [[Oxygen|O<sub>2</sub>]], Ar){{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|government= Emergency Military
|temperature=-20°C to 40°C (-4°F to 104°F){{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|technology tier= Tier 3
|demonym=
|current threat to array= Significant to Serious
|species=*[[Human]] {{C|Homeworld}}{{Ref/Reuse|HWULE}}
|population=*Approx. 10 billion {{C|pre-Battle of Earth}}<ref name="ENC">''[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]'', p. 282</ref><ref name="populateTwit">[https://twitter.com/Mr_Admirals/status/429062324737953792 ''Twitter'': @HaloWaypoint Hey, what was the population of Earth prior to November 2552?]</ref>
*Approx. 200 million {{C|Post-Battle of Earth, as of [[2552#November|Nov. 17, 2552]]}}{{Ref/Book|Id=VIS|[[Halo: The Essential Visual Guide]]|Page=54}}<ref name="BEST">''[[Bestiarum|Halo 3 Bestiarum]]''</ref>
*7.9 billion {{C|modern}}{{Ref/Book|[[Halo: Warfleet]]|Page=22}}
|colonized=
|government=
*[[Ancestors]] {{c|Pre-[[Human-Forerunner wars]]}}
*[[Erde-Tyrene civilization]] {{C|Pre-[[Great Purification]]}}
*[[Unified Earth Government]]
**[[United Nations]]<ref name="CatalogUN">[https://forums.halowaypoint.com/yaf_postsm2969315_Catalog-Interaction.aspx#post2969315 ''Halo Waypoint'': Query Answer: Human records indicate that the assembly (ref: United Nations) is a vestigial organization responsible for adjudication of administrative tasks between territorial sectors on Erde-Tyrene.]</ref>
*[[Created]]
|significance=Critical {{C|2558}}{{Ref/Book|Id=osfm91|OSFM|Page=91}}
|threat=Alpha {{C|2558}}{{Ref/Reuse|osfm91}}}}
{{Quote|Beautiful, isn't she?|[[Thomas Lasky]] discussing Earth, with [[John-117]].{{Ref/Level|H4|[[Epilogue (Halo 4 level)|Epilogue]]}}}}
 
'''Earth''', also known as '''Sol III''',{{Ref/Reuse|VIS}}<ref name="Halo Channel">''[[Halo Channel]]'', Encyclopedia</ref> known in the [[Forerunner]] era as "'''Erde-Tyrene'''"<ref name="Cryptum">''[[Halo: Cryptum]]''</ref> (pronounced ''"Er-da-ty-reen"'')<ref>''[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGR1V7IRLXs Rebirth]''</ref> or "'''Erda'''",<ref name="Primordium">''[[Halo: Primordium]]'', page 238</ref> is the third [[planet]] and one of four terrestrial worlds of the [[Sol system]]. It is the presumptive homeworld of the [[human]] species, though this was disputed by some [[Ancient humanity|ancient humans]], due to the loss of records to technological dark ages and the presence of human ruins on other worlds.<ref name="pri238">''Halo: Primordium'', p. 238</ref> It is the current capital world of the [[Unified Earth Government]], and home to [[HIGHCOM Facility Bravo-6|the headquarters]] of the [[United Nations Space Command]].
 
With a population of around ten billion, Earth was the most populated planet in UEG territory prior to the Covenant invasion. Despite being dramatically reduced during the [[Battle for Earth|Covenant invasion]] in 2552 due to both casualties inflicted by the Covenant and a major evacuation effort, the population had again risen to several billion by the end of [[2553]].{{Ref/Reuse|populateTwit}}
 
==Overview==
===Orbital characteristics===
Earth experiences the [[Wikipedia:Aurora borealis|aurora borealis]].{{Ref/Site|Id=|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/projects/halo3/content.aspx?link=H3LegendaryMapPack|Site=bungie.net|Page=Legendary Map Pack|Detail=|D=8|M=2|Y=2021}}
====Orbital locations====
*{{Class|Moncton|orbital weapon platform}}
**''[[Athens Station]]''
**''[[Cairo Station (station)|Cairo Station]]''
**''[[Malta Station]]''
**''[[Nassau Station]]''
**''[[Oaxaca Station]]''
*[[Station Wayward Rest]]
*[[Quito Terminus]]
*[[Munera Platform A7]]
 
===Topography and ecology===
[[File:H3 Mount Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mount Kilimanjaro]] as viewed from a [[Kenya]]n river in 2552.]]
Planetside, Earth has seven continents. Three continents are [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Antarctica]]. Asia and Africa are the first and second largest continents respectively.<ref name="encyc296">''[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]'', Earth, p. 284-285, (2009); p. 296 (2011)</ref>
 
There are several oceans on the planet's surface as well, such as the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Pacific Ocean]],{{Ref/Reuse|encyc296}} and the [[Caribbean Ocean]].{{Ref/Novel|Id=goochapt23|Novel=Halo: Ghosts of Onyx|Chapter=23}}
====Locations====
{{Scrollbox|
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
=====Pre-Great Purification=====
*[[Djamonkin Crater]]
*[[Marontik]]
**[[Sahti]]
**[[Old City]]
**[[Moon City]]
*[[Eden (place)|Eden]]
{{Col-3}}
=====Post-Great Purification=====
*[[United States of America]]
*[[Texas]]
*[[France]]
*[[Unified German Republic]]
*[[Rome]]
{{Col-3}}
=====26th-century=====
*[[Sector 331]]
*[[Scandinavia]]
*[[Russia]]
*[[Switzerland]]
*[[Indian Ocean]]
**[[Diego Garcia]]
*[[Africa]]
**[[Burundi]]
**[[Ethiopia]]
**[[Egypt]]
***[[Cairo]]
**[[East African Protectorate]]
***[[Kenya]]
****[[Mombasa]] ([[Template:MombasaLocales|Locations]])
****[[Nairobi]]
****[[Voi]]
*****[[Traxus Factory Complex 09]]
****[[Tsavo]]
*****[[Tsavo Highway]]
*****[[Crow's Nest (location)|Crow's Nest]]
****[[Outpost C9]]
***[[Tanzania]]
****[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]
****[[GWC Trans-African Pipelines]]
****[[Zanzibar Island]]
*****[[Wind Power Station 7]]
****[[Arusha]]
**Equatorial Guinea
***Malabo
****[[Malabo Space Tether]]
*[[Australia]]
**[[Sydney]] ([[Template:Sydney|Locations]])
**[[Perth]]
***[[Swanbourne]]
****[[Beta-5 Division Ordnance Testing Facility]]
*[[Pacific Ocean]]
**[[Aranuka]]
***[[Aranuka Space Tether]]
*[[Asia]]
**[[Mongolia]]
**[[Borneo]]
***[[Borneo Space Tether]]
**[[China]]
***[[Beijing]]
**[[Korea]]
***[[Seongnam]]
****[[Special Warfare Center]]
**[[Pakistan]]
**[[Sector Six]]
**Sri Lanka
***Colombo
****[[Colombo Space Tether]]
**[[Japan]]
*[[North America]]
**[[United Republic of North America]] ([[Template:URNA Territories|Locations]])
***[[Arizona]]
****[[New Phoenix]]
***[[Boston]]
****[[Chawla Base]]
***[[California]]
****[[Anaheim]]
***[[Canada]]
***[[Chicago]]
***[[Ohio]]
****[[Cleveland]]
***[[Orlando]]
***[[Great Lakes Spaceport]]
***[[Greater Chicago Industrial Zone]] ([[Template:Chicago|Locations]])
***[[Houston]]
***[[New York City]]
***[[Missouri]]
****[[Mark Twain]]
***[[Mexico]]
****[[Base Segundo Terra]]
****[[Yucatán Peninsula]]
***[[Philadelphia]]
*[[Caribbean Ocean]]
**[[Cuba]]
***[[Havana]]
****[[Centennial Orbital Elevator]]
*[[South America]]
**[[Rio de Janeiro]]
**[[Quito]]
***[[Quito Space Tether]]
*[[European Union]]
**[[Madrid]]
**[[Barcelona]]
**[[Florence]]
**[[Rome]]
**[[Germany]]
***[[Essen]]
****[[Beweglichkeitsrüstungsysteme|Beweglichrüstungsysteme Testing Facility]]
**[[Britain]]
***[[London]]
***[[Scotland]]
****[[Edinburgh]]
*[[Greater Czechoslovakian Authority]]
*[[North Atlantic Protectorate]]
*[[Antarctica]]
**[[Ross Island]]
***[[Mount Erebus]]
*[[Arctic Circle]]
**[[UNSC Weather Station Z/41]]
{{Col-3}}
 
{{Col-end}}
}}
}}
{{quote|Earth... is all we have left. You trust [[Cortana]] that much?|[[Fleet Admiral Terrence Hood]], [[Halo 3]] }}


'''Earth''' is one of the few terrestrial planets in the [[Solar System]] and is the home planet of the [[human]] race, as well as many other various life forms. It is the capital planet of the [[United Nations]], [[Unified Earth Government]], and the [[UNSC]] and [[Colonial Administration Authority]] have a strong presence on Earth as well. Earth was possibly the most populated planet of the human space territories.{{Verify_source}}
===Known residents===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
*[[Chakas]] - Ancient human
*[[Riser]] - An ancient [[Florian]]
*[[Matriarch of guides]] - Ancient human
*[[N'chala]] - Ancient elder
*[[Jacob Keyes]] - [[Captain]] in the [[UNSC Navy]]
*[[Forge family]]
**[[John Forge]] - [[UNSC Marine Corps|UNSC Marine]] of the {{UNSCShip|Spirit of Fire}}
**[[Rion Forge]] - Salvager and captain of the ''[[Ace of Spades]]''
*[[Terrence Hood]] - [[Fleet Admiral]] in the [[UNSC Navy]]
{{Col-2}}
*[[United Republic of North America#Known residents|Residents of the URNA]]
*[[Mombasa#Known residents|Residents of Mombasa]]
{{Col-end}}
==History==
[[File:Cycle response.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Wikipedia:Pangaea|Pangaea]], the super-continent 250 million years ago that was the amalgamation of all current present-day [[:category:Continents|continents]].]]
===Pre-history===
A report filed by the Librarian during her time indexing species on the planet led her to believe that the Precursors had experimented on the planet's native lifeforms due to the mammalian-level intelligence exhibited by certain scyphozoa and cephalopoda at that time of her filing said report.<ref>'''[[Halo: The Flood]]''' (2010), ''Adjunct''</ref>
 
The remains of a deceased [[Catalog]] unit, and a damaged [[monitor]], which revealed that humanity achieved its earliest known spacefaring technological state prior to [[1,100,000 BCE]] and that Forerunners believed humans had "moved their interstellar civilization outward along the galactic arm" by [[150,000 BCE]]. Not only is the dating for humanity's origin less sure now, but the very idea of Earth has humanity's birthplace has also been revealed to have been a matter of debate for the civilization that preceded and witnessed the [[human-Forerunner wars]] and some Forerunners. That ancient empire had lost many of the records that could have proven or disproven the issue, and human ruins had also been discovered on multiple worlds beside Earth from forgotten eras of prehistory. Regardless of when and how humanity first evolved and developed, it is clear that humans were present on multiple planets over a million years ago, and it was not until thousands of years into this civilization that leading human scientists traced the species' origins to Earth.{{Ref/Reuse|pri238}}
 
===Ancient history===
{{Main|Ancestors|Erde-Tyrene civilization}}
[[File:HTMCC-HCEA Terminals LibrarianAtKilimanjaro.png|thumb|left|250px|[[Mount Kilimanjaro]] moments before the Halo effect reaches Earth.]]
Spreading across the [[Orion Arm]] of the [[Milky Way|Milky Way Galaxy]], humanity underwent several periods of technological and social regression, losing most of their records in the process. During this time, Earth was contested as the cradle of humanity by Forerunners and ancient humans themselves due to loss of records during their dark ages and as the planet had long been feral and abandoned, most ancient humans simply embraced the planet as an archaic relic of their past, since the center of human culture had largely been relocated to Charum Hakkor.{{Ref/Book|Id=Enc22P16|Enc22|Page=16}} Earth was one of the first human worlds to fall to the Forerunners in the [[human-Forerunner wars]].{{Ref/Reuse|Primordium}} After being defeated by the Forerunner civilization, most humans were exiled to Earth, with their civilization dismantled, populations splintered amongst the many human species and their culture degrading back to a primitive state for millennia.{{Ref/Reuse|Cryptum}} Earth and humanity came under the charge of the Forerunner [[Lifeshaper]], the [[Librarian]], who helped the humans slowly work towards rebuilding a primitive civilization. Remnants of their former technology, such as steam power and hot-air balloon flight, were re-learned under her care but later forgotten after the firing of the Halo Array.{{Ref/Reuse|Cryptum}}
 
Near the end of their war with the [[Flood]], the [[Forerunner]]s, specifically the [[Lifeworker]]s under the direction of the [[Librarian]], indexed many of Earth's species - including humans - as a part of their [[Conservation Measure]] to preserve life in the galaxy after the activation of the [[Halo Array]]. Prior to the activation, after surveying the planet, beacons were activated informing humans imprinted with the Librarian's [[geas]] to gather to evacuate the planet. Lifeworkers only had time to evacuate one out of a thousand of the planet's large species; countless species would be left behind. Several days into the evacuation the Librarian and [[IsoDidact]] arrived in the system to speak with [[Catalog]]. The evacuation was halted ahead of schedule as the Flood had broken through the local Forerunner defenses and were entering the system.<ref>''Halo: Silentium'', String 2</ref>
 
After the [[Ur-Didact]] [[Composer|composed]] most of the human population on [[Omega Halo]], the Librarian realized the remaining population would not be enough to repopulate the species. She sent [[Chant-to-Green]] to see how much the Flood had taken in the system and save whatever humans she could. The Flood had left Earth untouched after the Forerunners evacuated. Chant was only able to gather a few hundred humans to send to [[Installation 00]]. When [[Precursor]] star roads began to appear in the system, she told Chant she would stay on Earth and gave Chant the title of [[Lifeshaper]]. Later, a {{Class|Gargantua|transport}} arrived to be disassembled and reconfigured, and after gathering the necessary materials, formed a [[Portal at Voi|portal to the Ark]].<ref>''Halo: Silentium'', String 37</ref>
 
===Post-Great Purification===
Circa [[97,445 BCE]], humans were returned to Earth and watched as the [[Portal at Voi]] was buried.<ref>''[[Halo 3: The Cradle of Life]]''</ref> With human life reseeded on Earth, it successfully re-developed.<ref name="origins">''[[Halo Legends]]'', [[Origins]]</ref>
 
===Rise of humanity===
{{Main|Rain Forest Wars|Interplanetary War}}
[[File:TFS WWI.jpg|thumb|right|250px|World War I.]]
Many events would take place during this redevelopment across the planet including several ancient battles such as the [[Battle of Thermopylae]] and the [[Diadochi conflicts]]. On [[79|August 24, 79 CE]], [[Wikipedia:Mount Vesuvius|Mount Vesuvius]] erupted and destroyed [[Wikipedia:Pompei|Pompei]].<ref name="ILBBAugust">[http://ilovebees.blogspot.co.uk/2004/07/august-24.html ''blogspot'', ilovebees, August 24]</ref>
 
Other conflicts after this point included the [[Wikipedia:French Revolution|French Revolution]], the [[Wikipedia:Peninsular War|Peninsular War]],{{Ref/Novel|Halo: Saturn Devouring His Son}} and the [[Wikipedia:Battle of Trafalgar|Battle of Trafalgar]] during the [[Wikipedia:Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars]].{{Ref/Book|Id=Enc09|Enc09|Page=260}}{{Ref/Book|Id=Enc11|Enc11|Page=272}} Following this, the [[American Civil War]] and [[World War I]] took place.
 
[[World War II]] came to a close in [[1945]] with the first usage of human [[Nuclear weapon]]s at [[Japan|Nagasaki and Hirshima]].<ref name="encyctimeline">''[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]'', Timeline, p. 31</ref> The bomb at Hiroshima left a [[Wikipedia:Hiroshima Peace Memorial|domed structure]] still standing.{{Ref/Reuse|origins}}  
 
In [[1961]], Soviet cosmonaut [[Wikipedia:Yuri Gagarin|Yuri Gagarin]] would be the first human being to orbit the Earth.<ref>''[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]'', Human Colonization of Space, p. 42</ref>


== Introduction ==
Earth was in danger of overpopulation in the late 21st-century. Though this would be resolved by planetary colonization.{{Ref/Reuse|VIS}} By [[2080]], humanity's [[national government]]s, under the auspices of the [[United Nations]], had begun to establish colonies on the other planets in the [[Sol system]]. However, expansion did not come without problems. In the mid-22nd century, two major dissident factions emerged; the neo-[[Communism|communist]] [[Koslovics]] and [[Fascism|fascist]] [[Frieden]], which began to battle one another and the United Nations.<ref name="timeline">[http://www.halowars.com/GameInfo/Timeline.aspx ''Official Halo Wars Community Site'' - Timeline] (defunct, [[Archive:Halowars.com/Timeline|Archive]])</ref>
[[Image:UNSC Home Fleet.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The [[UNSC Home Fleet]]s orbital defenses in orbit around Earth.]]
70-75% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with the remainder being land and only approximately 12% of it actually being inhabitable, due to factors of how humans live, such as agricultural needs of if there are threats such as volcanoes or frequent floods.


Earth consists of 6 geological continents (traditionally there are [[7]]), which offer a myriad of different meteorological and geological climates, which are home to a significant diverse population of animals, plants, and other organisms, all of which are believed to be carbon-based lifeforms. It was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
In March–June [[2160]], Jovian Frieden secessionists attacked [[United Nations Colonial Advisors]] on the moon [[Io]], which led to three months of fighting between the Earth military and Jovian Frieden forces. National governments began to support their own colonies which sparked proxy wars off-planet, leading to tension and militarization on Earth. In [[2162]], armed conflict ripped through [[South America]], starting the [[Rain Forest Wars]], as Koslovic, Frieden, and UN forces all clashed over ideological differences, sparking additional conflicts off-planet. In December of [[2163]], the three factions [[Argyre Planitia Campaign|clashed]], this time on [[Mars]]. This was the first extraterrestrial use of Marines, who launched lightning raids on Koslovic positions, permanently affecting military doctrine for centuries. In [[2164]], UN forces began a massive military build-up and began the first true interplanetary war. The forces of the fledgling United Nations Space Command were significantly bolstered by a massive [[propaganda]] campaign running on the victories on Mars and over the next six years took back the Sol system and drove the dissident factions to destruction. Now with a massive military with no enemy to fight, overpopulation, famine, and a collapsing economy, the newly unified Earth faced an uncertain future.{{Ref/Reuse|timeline}}


Earth is home to [[:category:Continents|seven geopolitical continents]], as well as a number of seas, oceans, and lakes and rivers; with the former composed mainly of salt water and the latter a mix of salt and fresh water. Earth's atmosphere is largely [[nitrogen]], although it contains significant amounts of [[oxygen]], a byproduct of plant photosynthesis and is used in aerobic respiration.
The year [[2302]] saw the beginning of construction on the [[Mombasa Tether]],{{Ref/Site|D=01|M=6|Y=2020|URL=http://www.bungie.net/projects/odst/guide.aspx|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Field Guide entry: New Mombasa}} the first [[Space elevator]] on Earth.<ref>''[[Halo Waypoint]]'': "Space Elevator" article (Archived on [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007185941/http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/intel/theuniverse/locations/gallery/space-tether/e9b2f438-9b5b-477e-8e52-d4e6801e9d5b Archive.org])</ref> Conditions on Earth had deteriorated significantly and by [[2310]], catching a ride on a new colony ship became appealing to some.<ref name="Xbox.com Halo Storyline">[http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/h/halo/storyline.htm ''Xbox.com:'' Halo Storyline] (Defunct, Copy on [http://halo.bungie.org/misc/mstimeline2.html HBO Forums], [http://web.archive.org/web/20080424150226/www.xbox.com/en-US/games/h/halo/storyline.htm Wayback Machine], and [[Archive:Xbox.com/Halo/Timeline|Halopedia]])</ref> A [[Quito Space Tether|second space elevator]], this time in [[Quito]], [[South America]] was completed in [[2313]].{{Ref/Map|H3|[[Orbital]]}} In [[2332]], the [[Ross-Ziegler Blip]] was discovered in Earth's carbon and fossil records.<ref>''[[Halo: Evolutions]]'', "[[From the Office of Dr. William Arthur Iqbal]]"</ref>


== History ==
[[File:TerminalSydney.png|thumb|left|250px|The Australian city of Sydney, home of the UNSC Headquarters, pictured prior to the Covenant invasion in 2552.]]
[[Image:Earthshot.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[UNSCDF]] [[Orbital Defense Platform]]s in geosynchronous orbit around Earth.]]The Earth gave rise to single-celled organisms about 4.5 billion years ago. About 200,000 years ago, a certain species of exceptional speech and toolmaking adeptness arose: ''Homo Sapiens'', otherwise known as the [[Human]] race. Indigenous to Eastern Africa, they gradually spread across the entire planet. The enigmatic race known as the [[Forerunners]] are believed to have come to Earth 100,000 years ago, making significant contributions to the human race, and are believed to have made a "Conservation Measure"<ref>http://www.bungie.net/fanclub/118020/Forums/posts.aspx?postID=12360308</ref> to conserve the human race from the threat of the [[Flood]], and have built a [[portal]] to the [[Ark]] in Africa, where the Forerunner intelligence of [[AdjutantReflex]] resides<ref>http://206.16.223.61/X84xE2/flash/web/index.html</ref>. The [[Forerunners]] were also seen constructing "machines" in [[Africa]]<ref>''[[Halo 3: The Cradle of Life]]''</ref>.
===Human-Covenant War===
{{Main|Human-Covenant War}}
{{Quote|no=two|[[Isabelle]]|[[Kamal Zaman]]|q1=You know when I was living on [[Mamore]], I thought that Earth was really cool, but it's a dump.|q2=Well, what do you expect from a place called dirt?|Isabelle and Kamal Zaman talking about Earth, 2552.<ref>''[[I Love Bees]]'', [[Axon Clips]], [[Axon Clips Chapter 10|Chapter 10]] - Kamal: "Family Reunion"</ref>}}
During the entire course of the conflict, the UNSC followed the [[Cole Protocol]], which declared that no [[UNSC starship|UNSC vessel]] targeted by the [[Covenant]] was to retreat to Earth, as a means of ensuring the secrecy and security of the planet's location. In nearly twenty-seven years of galactic warfare, the Covenant never succeeded in determining the location of Earth through the measures taken under the Cole Protocol. However, by [[2552#September|September 2552]], Earth was humanity's last major stronghold in its war against the Covenant. Nonetheless, the UEG and UNSC maintained plans for an emergency exodus of heavy industry from Earth and Mars, in the event that Earth's position was compromised. Following the disastrous [[Fall of Reach]], these plans were put into effect, due to the Navy's belief that the Earth would be the aliens' next target.<ref>[http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=6 ''Bungie.net'': Jason Jones Interviewed By You] ([[Archive:Bungie.net/News/Jason Jones Interviewed By You|Archive]])</ref>


Eventually, [[humans]], originally consisting of groups of hunter-gatherers, began to develop [[wikipedia:civilization|civilizations]]. These civilizations gradually became more and more complex, with some becoming nation-states and empires. After thousands of years of wars against one another a governing body of sorts was formed with the UN in 1945. In 1957 Humanity finally made their way into space with unmanned probes and by 1961 Humans themselves had gone into space. In 1969 Humanity had finally stepped on an extraterrestrial surface-Earth's Moon. After [[World War II]], Humanity would lack war on that scale, although smaller wars and conflicts erupted, including the Korean War, Vietnam War, and the [[wikipedia:Cold War|Cold War]]. In the early 21st century terrorism became a potential thorn in the side for the nations on Earth and small wars broke out along with civil unrest in many countries. However, no full scale wars erupted.
Just prior to the battle for Earth, a [[Spartan 1.1 faction|faction]] of [[Spartan 1.1]]s stockpiled resources on the planet in case the Covenant invaded.<ref>''[[I Love Bees]]'', [[Axon Clips]], [[Axon Clips Chapter 12|Chapter 12]] - "Enter Kevin"</ref>
[[Image:Cycle response.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Pangaea, the super-continent 250 million years ago that was the amalgamation of all current present-day [[:category:Continents|continents]].]]  


After years of overcrowding on Earth and the other planets in the [[Sol System]], dissident factions emerged. The Neo-[[Communism|Communist]] [[Koslovics]] and [[Fascism|Fascistic]] [[Frieden]], the two major movements, began to battle one another and the [[United Nations]]. In March-June [[2160]], Jovian secessionists attacked [[UN Colonial Advisors|United Nations Colonial advisers]] on the moon [[Io]], which led to three months of fighting between the Earth military and Jovian "Frieden" forces. [[National Governments]] began to support their own colonies which began in a proxy wars off planet, leading to tension and militarization on Earth. In [[2162]] armed conflict ripped through [[South America]], starting the [[Rain Forest Wars]], as [[Koslovic]], [[Frieden]], and [[UN]] forces all clashed over ideological differences, sparking additional conflicts off-planet. In December of [[2163]], the three factions clashed, this time on [[Mars]]. This was the first extraterrestrial use of [[Marines]], who launched lightning raids on [[Koslovics]] positions, permanently affecting military doctrine for centuries. In [[2164]] UN forces began a massive military build-up and began the first true interplanetary war. The [[UNSC]] was bolstered by a massive propaganda campaign running on the victories on [[Mars]] and over the next six years took back the [[Sol System]] and drove the dissident factions to destruction. Now with a massive military with no enemy to fight, overpopulation, famine, and a collapsing economy, the unified Earth faced trouble.
Despite the effectiveness of the Cole Protocol, on [[2552#October|October 20, 2552]], the Covenant launched their first attack upon Earth, rendering the Cole Protocol moot and initiating the final confrontation between UNSC forces and the Covenant.{{Ref/Novel|[[Halo: The Fall of Reach]]|Chapter=??}}{{Ref/Level|Id=BoE1|H2|[[Cairo Station]]}}


It wasn't until [[2291]] that this problem was solved when researchers created the [[Shaw-Fujikawa Slipspace Drive]] and gained access to [[Slipspace]]. In [[2310]] the UNSC unveiled their first line of colony ships and the best and brightest from both civilian walks of life and the military go out to form the Inner Colonies. This eased the overpopulation problem upon Earth, which became the capital of the [[Colonial Administration Authority]], while the inner colony of [[Reach]] became the headquarters of the [[UNSC]].
====Battle for Earth====
{{Main|Battle for Earth}}
{{Quote|Earth... is all we have left.|Lord Terrence Hood prior to a joint UNSC-Covenant separatist [[Battle of Installation 00|mission to the Ark]].{{Ref/Reuse|floodgate}}}}
[[File:H2A-fleet readout.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Covenant forces moving in to strike Earth.]]
On [[2552#October|October 20, 2552]], the first Covenant forces entered the [[Sol system]]. A [[Fleet of Sacred Consecration|Covenant expeditionary force]] consisting of 13 [[Ket-pattern battlecruiser|battlecruisers]] and 2 [[CAS-class assault carrier|assault carriers]] arrived in system, first detected around [[Io]], the third largest moon of Jupiter.{{Ref/Reuse|BoE1}} After the existence of the Covenant presence was confirmed by probes, the UNSC forces went to full alert. The option was taken to wait for the Covenant forces to come to them rather than let [[Harper|Fleet Admiral Harper]] launch a counter attack. The Covenant began to work on punching a hole through the orbital defenses by taking out the stations in the battle cluster above the Mediterranean Sea via [[Antimatter charge|bombs]] planted by [[R'sisho-pattern Tick|boarding parties]].{{Ref/Reuse|BoE1}} After the Covenant fleet attempted to rush through the newly formed gap the [[Fifth Fleet|UNSC fleet]] annihilated them, destroying most of the Covenant battlecruisers but failing to destroy the assault carriers. One of the assault carriers, ''[[Day of Jubilation]]'', was successfully destroyed by [[SPARTAN-II Program|SPARTAN-II]] [[John-117]] but the other, ''[[Solemn Penance]]'' commanded by the [[Prophet of Regret|High Prophet of Regret]] arrived over the [[city]] of [[Mombasa]] in [[Kenya]] via [[slipspace]] and quickly [[Battle of Mombasa|assaulted]] it.{{Ref/Level|Id=BoE2|H2|[[Outskirts]]}}{{Ref/Game|Id=sscirc1arc2|ODST|Detail=Sadie's Story, Circle 1, Arc 2}}


It remained peaceful until insurrections began to open up in the outer colonies, flaring up a number of conflicts, promoting the creation of the [[SPARTAN-II]]s. However, all this was canceled by their first meeting with the alien alliance known as the [[Covenant]]. After first contact at [[Harvest]] in [[2525]] the Covenant systematically beat humans back to Earth in just  [[7|28 years]], with their last victory upon Earth's doorstep, Reach, on September 4th, [[2552]]. On October 20th the Covenant launched their first attack upon Earth, resulting in a final stand between UNSC forces and the Covenant.<ref>http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/h/halo/storyline.htm</ref><ref>''[[Halo: The Fall of Reach]]''</ref><ref>''[[Halo 2]]''</ref>
Groundside, the Covenant assault carrier had already deployed its ground forces and occupied the city. The Covenant ground forces immediately constructed defense emplacements and structures to reinforce their newly-acquired sites against the counter-offensive UNSC forces. The {{UNSCShip|In Amber Clad}} was the first UNSC ship to respond to the Covenant occupation. The ship sent in their complements consisting of [[SPARTAN-II Program|SPARTAN-II]] [[John-117]], [[Avery Junior Johnson|Sergeant Avery Johnson]] and elements of the [[7th Shock Troops Battalion|7th Orbital Drop Shock Trooper Battalion]].{{Ref/Reuse|BoE2}} The Covenant were subsequently dislodged from [[Old Mombasa]] and, following the destruction of a {{Pattern|Protos|Scarab}}, from New Mombasa as well.{{Ref/Reuse|BoE2}}{{Ref/Level|Id=BoE3|H2|[[Metropolis]]}} The High Prophet of Regret eventually ordered a general retreat and had his assault carrier initiate a slipspace jump while still over the city. The ''In Amber Clad'' and 4 other ships followed in the carrier's wake, while the city was left in chaos.{{Ref/Reuse|BoE3}} Following this, a significantly enormous Covenant [[Truth's fleet|excavation fleet]] sent by the [[Prophet of Truth|High Prophet of Truth]], under command of [[Jiralhanae]], arrived over Mombasa on October 21 to begin digging through to a [[Forerunner]] [[Portal at Voi|excession complex]] buried under the city after securing it along with its [[East African Protectorate|surrounding areas]].{{Ref/Film|Id=waypoint|Film=Halo Waypoint|Story=Ten Twenty|StoryLinkText=Ten Twenty}}{{Ref/Site|Id=waypointvergil|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/canon-fodder-vergil-reality|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Canon Fodder - Vergil Reality|D=15|M=06|Y=2021}}{{Ref/Level|ODST|Level=[[Coastal Highway]]}}


=== Pre-First Battle of Earth ===
The Covenant continued to assault the planet with even more additional [[Covenant fleet]]s arriving in the Sol system and their forces being deployed all across Earth in the following days and weeks, including at [[Mount Erebus]] and the sea floor off of the [[Yucatan Peninsula]].{{Ref/Novel|Id=goo203|Halo: Ghosts of Onyx|Page=203}} Additionally, [[human colonies]] in the Sol system such as [[Mars]] and [[Luna]] were attacked by the Covenant.{{Ref/Generic|Id=FTH|Heading=[[Halo Legendary Crate]]|Subheading=[[Halo Legendary Crate/Data Drops|Data Drop #2]]|Detail=[[:File:LC 002 Doc 1.jpg|First Twelve Hours]]}} The Covenant also attacked [[Sydney]], home of the UNSC Headquarters, [[HIGHCOM Facility Bravo-6]]. Fortunately, despite the enormous damage inflicted on the city and [[Australia]], the UNSC HQ survived completely unharmed, owing to its underground facilities.{{Ref/Book|Id=BattleofSydney|Book=[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]|Chapter=Earth|Detail=p. 284-285, (2009); p. 296-297 (2011 edition)}} By November, the population of Earth reduced to around 5 billion, initially around 10 billion before the Covenant invasion.{{Ref/Reuse|ENC}} When the [[Great Schism]] began on [[2552#November|November 3, 2552]], the Jiralhanae and [[Covenant separatists|now-casted out]] [[Sangheili]] forces turned each other as the Covenant civil war stretched from the human homeworld all the way back to [[Sanghelios]], with many  [[Fleet of Retribution|Sangheili]] subsequently allied with the UNSC.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=TGJ}} At the [[Centennial Orbital Elevator]] in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], the Jiralhanae forces were [[Battle of Havana|stymied]] by the three [[SPARTAN-II Program|SPARTAN-II]]s of [[Blue Team]], who were [[Onyx Conflict|re-deployed]] to [[Onyx]] soon after.{{Ref/Novel|Id=onyx220|Halo: Ghosts of Onyx|Page=220}}
[[File:The coming Storm.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[The Portal]], buried thousands of years on Earth, unveiled by the Covenant.]]
The bloodiest battles for the planet were fought in mid November when the Covenant now led by the Jiralhanae and the Prophet of Truth began to concentrate more of their forces on Earth shortly after UNSC's [[Battle of Mare Erythraeum|defeat]] on Mars,{{Ref/Comic|Id=Issue 3|Halo Uprising|Issue=[[Halo: Uprising Issue 3|#3]]}} and when a [[Truth's fleet#Further engagements|massive Covenant loyalist armada]], which include the Jiralhanae-led [[High Charity defense fleet]] remnants and many Covenant loyalist survivors from the [[Fall of High Charity]], arrived in the system.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=TGJ}} Despite the dramatic increase in Covenant deployments, the works of [[Colonel]] [[James Ackerson]] in the Battle of Mare Erythraeum helped buy UNSC ground forces on Earth precious time,{{Ref/Book|Id=ackerson|Book=[[Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition)]]|Page=??}} as the [[UNSC Home Fleet|Home Fleet]] would engage in full force against the massive Covenant attack in high Earth orbit by the time that the [[Forerunner Dreadnought]] carrying the Prophet of Truth would jump to Earth on November 17.{{Ref/Level|Id=TGJ|H2|[[The Great Journey (level)|The Great Journey]]}} However, the vast majority of the numerically-inferior UNSC fleet despite the orbital defense platforms was completely destroyed by the Prophet of Truth's overwhelming fleet, only leaving a few ships remaining on the planet.{{Ref/Level|Id=Truthfleet|H3|Crow's Nest|Quote=The Prophet of Truth's ships breached the Lunar perimeter. Smashed what was left of the Home Fleet. Terrestrial casualties from the subsequent bombardment were... extreme.}} With the subsequent [[Orbital bombardment|bombardment]] from the Covenant, the enemy fleet wiped out most of the human presence of Earth.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=Truthfleet}} Immediately after the fall of Mars, [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] was hit in an attempt to find a [[Key of Osanalan|supposed Forerunner artifact]],{{Ref/Comic|Id=Issue 1|Halo Uprising|Issue=[[Halo: Uprising Issue 1|#1]]}} but this [[Battle of Cleveland|attack]] was repulsed through the efforts of ODST forces and the self-sacrifice of Colonel James Ackerson who finally managed to delay the Covenant from pressing their assault on Earth with his plans before the planet could be heavily [[glassing|glassed]].{{Ref/Comic|Id=Issue 4|Halo Uprising|Issue=[[Halo: Uprising Issue 4|#4]]}}{{Ref/Comic|Id=Issue 2|Halo Uprising|Issue=[[Halo: Uprising Issue 2|#2]]}} Shortly after, Earth population was swifty now only about 200 million.{{Ref/Game|Id=bestiarum|Halo 3|[[Bestiarum]]}}


Prior to the first attempt to invade Earth there had been a suppressed influx of information by [[ONI]], resulting in people going about their normal lives even up until the attack. The forces stationed at Earth were heavy, with the [[Second Fleet]], [[Seventh Fleet]], the [[Sixteenth Fleet]] and the 6th Battle Group along with large amounts of Marines and [[ODST]]s present, four [[SPARTAN-II]]s, [[Admiral Hood]] and Earth's most prominent means of defense, three hundred [[Orbital Defense Platform]]s, each sporting a Mk. V "Super" [[MAC]]. Also, there were numerous human colonies on various moons, a large naval shipyard and factories at Mars, and a listening post at [[Io]].
The arrival in-system of SPARTAN-117 [[Scramble onboard Forerunner Dreadnought|in]] a Covenant-controlled [[Forerunner Dreadnought]] aboard, freshly escaped from the [[Battle of Installation 05]], was unexpected.{{Ref/Level|H3|Level=[[Sierra 117]]}}{{Ref/Reuse|Id=TGJ}} SPARTAN-117 disembarked from the dreadnought in Earth's atmosphere, later recovered by Marines and taken to [[Crow's Nest (location)|Crow's Nest]].{{Ref/Level|Halo 3|[[Crow's Nest]]}} With the aid of the [[Arbiter]] [[Thel 'Vadam]], [[Commander]] [[Miranda Keyes]], and [[Sergeant Major]] [[Avery Johnson]], SPARTAN-117 [[Battle of Voi|breached the Covenant anti-air defenses]] near the excavated artifact, clearing the way for an [[Battle Group Victory|aerial strike]] on the Dreadnought powering it.{{Ref/Level|H3|[[Tsavo Highway]]}}{{Ref/Level|H3|[[The Storm]]}} The strike was unable to disable the device or prevent the [[Prophet of Truth]] from traveling through the portal. After a [[Outbreak on Earth|brief intervention]] by the [[Flood]] a [[Fleet of Retribution|joint Sangheili/UNSC force]] departed through the portal in pursuit.{{Ref/Level|Id=floodgate|Halo 3|[[Floodgate]]}} Some of the final remaining Covenant forces led by the Jiralhanae leadership were defeated in December in [[Operation: MARSH FLASH]], in [[Arizona]], [[United Republic of North America]].<ref name="lootcrate2">''[[Halo Legendary Crate]]'', [[Halo Legendary Crate/Data Drops|Data Drop #2]]</ref> Ultimately, the UNSC eliminated the Covenant presence on Earth once and for all.


=== [[First Battle of Earth]] ===
===Post-war===
[[Image:H2_UNSCDF_Earth.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[UNSCDF]] streams towards the [[Covenant]] attack fleet during the [[First Battle of Earth]] (the Black sea can be seen in the background).]]
Following the victory at the Battle of Earth and the [[Battle of Installation 00]], the Human-Covenant War officially came to an end in March of [[2553]] with a [[Voi Memorial|ceremony]] at [[Voi]].{{Ref/Level|H3|[[Halo (Halo 3 level)|Halo]]}} [[Project Rebirth]] was initiated sometime afterward to repair locations damaged by the battles on Earth.{{Ref/Novel|Novel=Halo: Legacy of Onyx|Chapter=2}}
{{Main|First Battle of Earth}}


On October 20th, 2552, the first Covenant forces entered the [[Sol system]]. An expeditionary force of 13 {{Class|CCS|Battlecruiser}}s and 2 [[Assault Carrier]]s appeared in system, first detected around Io, the third largest moon of Jupiter. After the existence of the Covenant presence was confirmed by probes the [[UNSCDF]] forces went to full alert. The option was taken to wait for the Covenant forces to come to them rather than let [[Fleet Admiral Harper]] launch a counter attack. The Covenant began to work on punching a hole through the orbital defenses by taking out the stations in the battle cluster above the Mediterranean via bombs planted by boarding parties. Both [[Athens Station|Athens]] and [[Malta Station]]s were destroyed. [[Cairo Station]] was saved thanks to the efforts of [[John-117]], who was on board for an awards ceremony at the time. After the Covenant fleet attempted to rush the newly formed gap the UNSC fleet annihilated them, destroying all the Battle cruisers but failing to destroy the Assault Carriers, though one Carrier was destroyed during its descent to Earth by John-117. The other Carrier, commanded by the [[Prophet of Regret]], assaulted the city of [[Mombasa]] in [[Kenya]].
[[File:H4-ComposerFiringOnPhoenix.jpg|thumb|250px|The Didact's [[Mantle's Approach|flagship]] fires the [[Composer]] on [[New Phoenix]] on Earth in 2557.{{Ref/Reuse|h4midnight}}]]
Only two years after the end of the war, Earth faced yet another [[Invasion of Earth|invasion]], this time led not by a hostile alien hegemony, but a Forerunner [[ancilla]], [[000 Tragic Solitude]], the monitor of [[Installation 00]]. As a means to repair the Ark and to get revenge on humans for damaging it, the monitor tricked the UNSC into opening the [[portal at Voi|portal]] which allowed him to send thousands of [[Retriever Sentinel]]s to mine Earth for raw resources. The sentinels were engaged by the [[Home Fleet]], which lost at least ten ships in the ensuing battle. Tragic Solitude's plans were thwarted by a joint UNSC and [[Swords of Sanghelios]] team on the Ark itself.{{Ref/Novel|Novel=[[Halo: Hunters in the Dark]]|Chapter=??}}


Marines from [["A" Company]] of the [[405th]] counterattacked from [[Diego Garcia]] and succeeded in gaining and holding bridgeheads in the city despite suffering heavy casualties. They were reinforced by [[SPARTAN-117]], [[Sergeant Avery Johnson]], and elements of the [[7th Orbital Drop Shock Trooper Battalion]] deploying from the {{UNSCShip|In Amber Clad}}. The Covenant were subsequently dislodged from [[Old Mombasa]] and, following the destruction of a [[Scarab]], from New Mombasa as well. The Prophet of Regret ordered a general retreat and the prophet's carrier initiated a slipspace jump while still over the city. The ''In Amber Clad'' followed in the carrier's wake, and the city itself was destroyed. Even the orbital space elevator was destroyed and the remains were scattered all over the savanna. The prophet's ship was the only Covenant vessel to survive.
In [[2557#July|July 2557]], the Forerunner known as the [[Didact]] arrived in-system aboard his flagship, the ''[[Mantle's Approach]]'', [[New Phoenix Incident|planning to use a device]] known as the [[Composer]] to enslave humanity. Having been forewarned by the now [[Captain (Navy)|Captain]] [[Thomas Lasky]] of the {{UNSCShip|Infinity}}, along with [[Battle Group Dakota]] engaged ''Mantle's Approach''. Meanwhile, Master Chief [[John-117]] had stowed aboard the ''Mantle's Approach'' and with help from the ''Infinity'', boarded the ship. Before the Master Chief could stop the Didact, the Composer began to fire on [[New Phoenix|New Phoenix, Arizona]], digitizing its entire population. John-117 eventually destroyed the ship with a [[HAVOK tactical nuclear weapon|nuclear device]], ending the threat of the Didact and the Composer for the time being.{{Ref/Level|Id=h4midnight|H4|[[Midnight]]}}


=== [[Second Battle of Earth]] ===
Sometime after that, a foiled threat of nuclear bombing by a Covenant refugee took place in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>''Spartan Ops'', [[S1/Departure|S1E1 - Departure]]</ref>
[[Image:H3_TheArk_Opening.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The [[Forerunner]] portal to the [[Ark]], built to protect humanity, unveils itself in [[2552]] during the [[Second Battle of Earth]].]]
[[File:Halo 5 - Guardian on Earth.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A Guardian Custode deploying over Earth.]]
====Created uprising====
{{Main|Created uprising}}
{{Quote|This is not a negotiation, Lord Hood. This is your surrender. My terms are clear. You are aware of my capabilities and... I am fully acquainted with yours. If the Earth's government wants to fight, feel free. But hear this. It is a battle you will not win.|Cortana to Lord Hood prior to the Created's destruction of Sydney.{{Ref/Level|HINF|[[Repository (Halo Infinite level)|Repository]]}}}}
In [[2558#October|October 2558]], [[Cortana]] reemerged as the self-proclaimed leader of the [[Created]], a collective alliance of human and Forerunner [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] constructs whose aim was to enforce the [[Mantle]] by bringing the entire galaxy under the control of AIs. This plan called for several [[Guardian]]s to be deployed across the galaxy. Two such Guardians were deployed to Earth.


{{Main|Second Battle of Earth}}
The first Guardian proved too powerful for even the ''Infinity'' and the vessel was forced to abandon Earth for deep space.{{Ref/Level|Id=guardians|H5G|[[Guardians]]}} The second one arrived at [[Sydney]], destroying defending [[F-41 Broadsword]]s and causing the defending {{UNSCShip|Plateau}} to crash into the city,<ref>''[[Halo: Fractures]]'', [[Rossbach's World (story)|Rossbach's World]]</ref> ultimately leveling it.{{Ref/Site|Id=CF156|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/canon-fodder-fleetcom-fiction|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Canon Fodder - Fleetcom Fiction|D=14|M=08|Y=2024}} All technology on Earth and all orbiting vessels were disabled, which resulted in the [[Subjugation of Earth|planet falling under Created control]].{{Ref/Reuse|guardians}}


[[The Covenant]] returned in force and in mass following the [[Prophet of Regret]]'s abortive attack and Covenant assault forces succeeded in penetrating the orbital defenses. At [[Mount Erebus]], the sea floor off of the the [[Yucatan Peninsula]], and the [[Centennial Orbital Elevator]] the Covenant were stymied by three [[SPARTAN-II]]'s, only to have those SPARTAN-IIs get re-deployed to [[Onyx]]. However UNSC forces were unable to repulse and route Covenant landings in [[Kenya]].
{{clear|left}}


The arrival in-system of [[SPARTAN-117]] in a Covenant-controlled [[Forerunner Dreadnought]], freshly escaped from the [[Battle of Installation 05]], was unexpected. SPARTAN-117 disembarked from the dreadnought at [[Io Station]] before returning to Earth<ref name="Halo_Uprising">''[[Halo: Uprising]]''</ref> where he rendezvoused with UNSC forces at [[Crow's Nest (Base)|Crow's Nest]]. With the aid of the [[The Arbiter (character)|Arbiter]], Commander [[Miranda Keyes]], and Sergeant [[Avery Johnson]], SPARTAN-117 [[Battle of Voi|breached the Covenant anti-air defenses]] near the excavated [[Portal]], clearing the way for an aerial strike on the artifact. The strike was unable to disable the device or prevent the [[Prophet of Truth]] from traveling through the portal. After a brief intervention by the [[Flood]] a joint [[Sangheili]]/UNSC force departed through the portal in pursuit.
==Government==
[[File:HW Infinity refit.png|thumb|250px|{{UNSCShip|Infinity}} undergoing a refit in a naval yard above Earth.{{Ref/Site|D=01|M=6|Y=2020|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/chasing-shadows|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Community Update - Chasing Shadows}}]]
By the 26th-century, the [[United Nations]] is the acting administrative body for the [[National government]]s of the planet.{{Ref/Reuse|CatalogUN}} The [[Unified Earth Government]] and [[United Nations Space Command]] are based on Earth, specifically in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]].<ref name="waypointuniunsc">[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/factions/unsc ''Halo Waypoint:'' Universe - UNSC]</ref>{{Ref/Site|Id=|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/factions/ueg|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=UEG|Detail=|D=|M=|Y=}}


Following the victory at the [[Second Battle of Earth]]<ref>[[Museum]], [[Believe]]</ref>, the war ended in March 2553 following the [[Battle of the Ark]].
===Defenses===
Earth is defended by the [[UNSC Home Fleet]] of the [[UNSC Navy]]{{Ref/Reuse|BoE1|}} and 300 [[Orbital defense platform]]s{{Ref/Level|H2|[[The Armory]]}} of the [[UNSC Air Force]].{{Ref/Book|OSFM|Page=136-138}} Following the Battle for Earth, [[Joint Task Force MARIAH]] was assigned to help protect the portal to the Ark.{{Ref/Site|Id=cflegendend|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/canon-fodder-legendary-endings|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Canon Fodder - Legendary Endings|D=13|M=12|Y=2021}}


== Earth locations==
Different parts of the Earth also maintain their own defence forces such as those that belong to the [[East African Protectorate]].{{Ref/Site|Id=CFStrike|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/canon-fodder-ship-strike|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Canon Fodder - Ship Strike|D=20|M=04|Y=2023}}
[[Image:2ndsunriseovernewmombasa6uk.png|thumb|right|200px|[[New Mombasa]], with the [[New Mombasa Orbital Elevator]] at its city center.]]
[[Image:COVENANT ASSAILT CARRIER.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Covenant [[Assault Carrier]] transitioning to [[Slipspace]] over [[New Mombasa]], causing a slipspace rupture that destroyed the city.]]
[[Image:Zanzibarfull.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Wind Power Station 7]] on [[Zanzibar Island]], [[Tanzania]].]]
[[Image:FoundationH2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Tactical Autonomous Robotic Defense System]] testing grounds in Industrial Zone 08 of [[Chicago]], United States of America.]]
[[Image:Macstationcairolarge1ki.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Orbital Defense Platform]] ''[[Cairo Station]]'' in geosynchronous orbit over Earth.]]


=== Planetside ===
==Society==
Planetside, Earth has seven continents of varied climates and cultures.
The major cities of Earth are [[London]], [[Mombasa]], [[Quito]], [[Chicago]], [[Cairo]] and [[Sydney]].{{Ref/Reuse|VIS}} Mombasa was considered one of the most renowned and majestic cities on Earth.{{Ref/Book|Halo: The Essential Visual Guide|Page=129}} [[Beijing]] and [[New York City]] were considered big media and advertising cities with those affiliated with the media, such as journalists and photographers, living and working in either.{{Ref/Comic|Id=graphicnovel|[[Halo Graphic Novel]]|Page=85}}


==== [[Africa]] ====
===Economy===
*[[Diego Garcia]] - Island in the Indian Ocean and a major [[UNSC]] base.
Earth has six space elevators all over the planet.{{Ref/Book|EVG|Page=191}}{{Ref/Site|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/projects/odst/guide.aspx|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Halo 3: ODST Field Guide, "Superintendent" entry}} Five of these are in Mombasa, Quito, [[Borneo]], [[Aranuka]], and [[Havana]].
*[[Arab Republic of Egypt]]
**[[Cairo (City)|Cairo]]
*[[Republic of Kenya]]
**[[Mombasa]] - Major African city that was the first landing site of Covenant forces on Earth, destroyed in ensuing attack and retreat during the First Battle of Earth.
***[[New Mombasa|New Mombasa]]
****[[New Mombasa Orbital Elevator]]
***[[Old Mombasa]]
****''[[Turf (Level)|Turf]]'' - The "backstreets"<ref>''[[Halo 2]]'', ''[[Turf (Level)|Turf]]''</ref> of Old Mombasa, and the location of a downed [[Scarab]] destroyed by [[UNSC Marine Corps|UNSC Marine]]s
***[[Tombstone (Level)|UNSC Munitions Testing Facility]] - A decommissioned, hazardous facility turned into an industrial wasteland on the outskirts of Mombasa<ref>http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=12358</ref>
**[[Voi]] - A town further inland from Mombasa and a source of major battles during the [[Second Battle of Earth]]
***[[Voi Municipal Water Pumphouse]]
***[[Traxus Factory Complex 09]]
**[[Tsavo Highway (Location)|Tsavo Highway]] - An overpass highway bridging Voi, Mombasa, Arusha, and other cities together.
**[[Outpost C9]]
**[[Crow's Nest (Base)|UNSC Underground Facility "Crow's Nest"]]
*[[United Republic of Tanzania]]
**[[Zanzibar Island]] - Location of [[Wind Power Station 7]]
***[[Wind Power Station 7]] - Decommissioned wind wheel<ref>''[[Halo 2]]'', ''[[Zanzibar (Level)]]''</ref>, which was reacquisition's by the UNSC as [[SPARTAN]] training grounds<ref>''[[Halo 3]]'', ''[[Last Resort (Level)|Last Resort]]''</ref>


==== [[Australia|Oceania]] ====
Earth traded produce as well, though this produce was claimed by [[Ellen Anders]] to have the highest pesticide levels in the [[Inner Colonies]].{{Ref/Comic|[[Halo Wars: Genesis]]}}


*[[Commonwealth of Australia]]
==Gameplay==
**[[Sydney]]
[[File:H2A CairoStation Loadscreen.png|thumb|right|250px|''Cairo Station'', which is set in orbit of Earth.]]
***[[HighCom Facility Bravo-6]] - Home of [[HIGHCOM]] and HQ of the UNSC.
===''Halo 2''===
***[[Sydney Synthetic Intellect Institute]] - [[Artificial Intelligence|A.I.]] research institute.
{{Main|Halo 2|Halo 2: Anniversary}}
**[[Western Australia]]
In ''Halo 2'' and ''Halo 2: Anniversary'', a total of four [[Campaign]] levels take place on or above Earth. ''[[The Armory]]'' and ''[[Cairo Station]]'' take place in space above Earth. Parts of Europe, [[Africa]] and the Middle East can be seen. ''[[Outskirts]]'' and ''[[Metropolis]]'' take place on Earth in the city of [[Mombasa]] in Africa. The final cutscene of the game in ''[[The Great Journey]]'' also takes place above Earth.
***[[Perth]]
****[[Swanbourne]]
*****[[ONI Ordnance Testing Facility B5D]]


==== [[Asia]] ====
A number of [[multiplayer]] maps also take place on or above Earth. ''[[Midship]]'' and ''[[Elongation]]'' take place in orbit above the Earth, showing the same view of Earth as ''The Armory'' and ''Cairo Station''. ''[[Terminal (map)|Terminal]]'', ''[[Turf]]'', ''[[District]]'', ''[[Ivory Tower]]'', ''[[Tombstone]]'', ''[[Headlong]]'', ''[[Zanzibar]]'', and ''[[Foundation]]'' all take place on Earth in various places.


*[[Korea]]
===''Halo 3''===
**[[Kyonggi Province]]
{{Main|Halo 3}}
***[[Songnam]]
Each ''Halo 3'' campaign level from ''[[Arrival]]'' to ''[[Floodgate]]'' take place on Earth in [[Tanzania]] or [[Kenya]]. The final cutscene in ''[[Halo (Halo 3 level)|Halo]]'' also takes place on Earth.
****[[Special Warfare Center]] - Testing and training area, famous for testing the [[MJOLNIR|MJOLNIR MK VI]] and the [[CQB Armor|C]] and [[EVA Armor|V]] variants
*[[Pakistan]]
*[[China]]
*[[Japan]]


==== [[North America]] ====
''[[High Ground]]'', ''[[Last Resort]]'' and ''[[The Pit]]'' from the original line up of ''Halo 3'' multiplayer maps take place on Earth. The [[Heroic Map Pack]] maps, ''[[Blackout]]'' and ''[[Ghost Town]]'' of the [[Legendary Map Pack]], and ''[[Orbital]]'' and ''[[Longshore]]'' of the [[Mythic Map Pack]]s were eventually added that all took place on Earth.
*[[Canada]]
*[[United States of America]]
**[[Massachusetts]]
***[[Boston]]
****[[Chawla Base]] - An [[ONI]] base that housed the artifact from [[I Love Bees]]
**[[Ohio]]
***[[Cleveland]] - Site of the [[Battle of Cleveland]]; underneath the city is the [[Key of Osanalan]].
**[[Illinois]]
***[[Chicago]]
****[[Industrial Zone 08]]
*****[[Tactical Autonomous Robotic Defense System]] - Site of the [[Halo 2]] map [[Foundation]]
**[[New York]]
***[[New York City]] - The Morelli family from I Love Bees all live or were born here.
**[[Commonwealth of Kentucky]] - [[Rani Sobeck]] from I Love Bees lives here or was born here.
**[[Oregon]] - A construction company in the [[United States]] is located here.
***[[Salem]] - The capital of Oregon and location of the construction company.
*[[Mexico]]
**[[Mexico City]]
***[[Base Segundo Terra]] - Mexico City, Mexico. Used as the staging area
*[[Republic of Cuba]]
**[[Havana]]
***[[Centennial Orbital Elevator]] - A 200 year old antiquated Space Elevator that was destroyed during the Second Battle of Earth.


==== [[Europe]] ====
===''Halo 3: ODST''===
{{Main|Halo 3: ODST}}
All the campaign levels and [[Firefight (Halo 3: ODST)|Firefight]] maps of ''Halo 3: ODST'' take place on Earth.


*[[United Kingdom]]
===''Halo: Reach''===
**[[Great Britain]]
{{Main|Halo: Reach}}
***[[London]]
Only one map in ''Halo: Reach'' takes place on Earth and that is ''[[Breakneck]]'', which is set in [[Section 21]] of [[Mombasa]].
***[[Bristol]]
***[[Leeds]]
***[[Reading]]
***[[Cheshire]]
***[[Birmingham]]
***[[Portsmouth]]
***[[Islington]]
**[[Scotland]]
***[[Edinburgh]]
*[[Federal Republic of Germany]]
**[[Essen]]
***[[Beweglichrüstungsysteme|Beweglichrüstungsysteme Testing Facility]] - Testing site of the C Variant MJOLNIR MK. VI


==== [[Antarctica]] ====
===''Halo 4''===
{{Main|Halo 4}}
A large portion of the level ''[[Midnight]]'' is set on the ''[[Mantle's Approach]]'' resting above [[New Phoenix]], Earth. North America and parts of South America can be seen in the skybox of the level. The [[Epilogue (Halo 4 level)|Epilogue]] also shows some scenes in the Earth city of New Phoenix.


*[[Ross Island]]
===''Halo: Spartan Strike''===
**[[Mount Erebus]] - Site of a Covenant attack during the Second Battle of Earth.
{{Main|Halo: Spartan Strike}}
All of the missions as part of [[Operation A: Orphic Spear]] and [[Operation E: Brother's Keeper]] take place in Mombasa and New Pheonix respectively, both on Earth.


=== Orbital ===
===''Halo 5: Guardians''===
{{Main|Halo 5: Guardians}}
The final cutscene of ''[[Guardians]]'' features the {{UNSCShip|Infinity}} over Earth. Only one multiplayer level, [[Breakout Arena]], takes place over Earth, set on [[Munera Platform A7]]. Parts of Eastern Europe, the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa can be seen in the skybox as the planet rotates.


*''[[Athens Station]]'' - An [[Orbital Defense Platform|ODP]] defending Earth, destroyed by boarders in the First Battle of Earth.
*''[[Cairo Station]]'' - An [[Orbital Defense Platform|ODP]] defending Earth. It was the command center of Earth's defense by [[Admiral Hood]].
*''[[Malta Station]]'' -  An [[Orbital Defense Platform|ODP]] defending Earth, destroyed by boarders in the First Battle of Earth.
*''[[Nassau Station]]'' - An [[Orbital Defense Platform|ODP]] trapped in the 21st century by a slipspace "bubble" (non-canonical).
*[[Station Wayward Rest]] - Termination point of the COE. Destroyed during the Second Battle of Earth.


=== [[Luna]] ===
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Macstationcairolarge1ki.jpg|[[Orbital defense platform]] ''[[Cairo Station (station)|Cairo]]'' in [[geosynchronous orbit]] around Earth.
File:Earth Orbit.jpg|Earth seen from orbit.
File:UNSC Home Fleet.JPG|The UNSC Home Fleet prior to the arrival of the Covenant.
File:H2ACampaign HomeFleetInEarthOrbit.png|Earth as seen from ''[[Cairo Station (station)|Cairo Station]]'', with the orbital defense grid and Home Fleet in view.
File:Halo3.png|The severed frigate {{UNSCShip|Forward Unto Dawn}} seen falling towards Earth orbit in 2552.
File:H2A - InAmberCladEarth.png|The ''UNSC In Amber Clad'' descends into Earth orbit in 2552.
File:H4-Midnight-Composer-Panorama.jpg|The [[Ur-Didact]] fires the [[Composer]] upon Earth in [[2557]].
File:H2A - StonetownScreenshot.jpg|The outer perimeter of [[Wind Power Station 7]] on [[Zanzibar Island]], [[Tanzania]], marked by the remains of traditional architecture of Ancient Africa.
File:H2A - Stonetown.jpg|[[Wind Power Station 7]] on [[Zanzibar Island]], [[Tanzania]].
File:H4-Earth.jpg|Earth as seen in ''Halo 4''.
File:H4-NewPhoenix.jpg|The American city of [[New Phoenix]], Arizona in the United Republic of North America in the year 2557.
File:Nmomb general 03.png|The Kenyan city of [[Mombasa]] prior to its [[Battle of Mombasa|destruction]] in [[2552]] by the Covenant.
File:H2_Turf_1.png|Centuries-old architecture in [[Old Mombasa]].
File:H3_TheStorm_VoiView.jpg|Factories in the African city of [[Voi]] prior to its [[glassing]] in 2552.
File:Cleveland in 2552.PNG|The American city of Cleveland, Ohio under siege in 2552 by Covenant forces.
File:FoundationH2.jpg|[[Tactical Autonomous Robotic Defense System]] testing grounds in Industrial Zone 08 of [[Greater Chicago Industrial Zone|Chicago]], United States of America.
File:Innerplanets.jpg|A size comparison of Earth, [[Mercury]], [[Venus]] and [[Mars]].
File:Moon.jpg|The Moon, Earth's one natural satellite and a major population center.
File:Fight for her.jpg|"Fight For Her"; a poster rallies the UNSC to defend Earth, as seen on the {{UNSCShip|Pillar of Autumn}}.
File:H4Epilogue - NP Streets.jpg|The deserted city streets of New Phoenix in 2557; its terraced urban architecture reflects that of other worlds such as [[Reach]].
File:Quito se.jpg|Quito, one of many massive metropolises on Earth and home to the [[Quito Space Tether]].
File:HINF London Skyline.png|The city of London during the Covenant invasion of Earth in [[2552]].
File:Portal odst.png|A [[Truth's fleet|larger Covenant fleet]] arriving shortly after Regret's departure and excavating around Mombasa.
File:Earth.JPG|Earth in 2552.
</gallery>
{{Linkbox|gallery=yes}}
{{Clear}}


*[[Luna OCS Academy]] - The Moon-based training academy for [[UNSC]] Naval officers.
==List of appearances==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*''[[Halo: The Fall of Reach]]'' {{Fm}}
*''[[Halo: Combat Evolved]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: The Flood]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: First Strike]]'' {{1st}}
*''[[i love bees]]''
*''[[Halo 2]]''
*''[[Halo Graphic Novel]]''
*''[[Halo: Ghosts of Onyx]]''
*''[[Iris]]''
**''[[Halo 3: The Cradle of Life]]''
*''[[Halo: Landfall]]''
**''[[Halo: Combat]]''
**''[[Halo: Last One Standing]]''
*''[[Halo: Uprising]]''
*''[[Halo 3]]''
**''[[Bestiarum]]''
*''[[Halo: Contact Harvest]]''
*''[[Halo: The Cole Protocol]]''
*''[[Halo Wars]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo 3: ODST]]''
*''[[Halo Legends]]''
**''[[Origins]]''
*''[[Halo: Evolutions - Essential Tales of the Halo Universe]]''
**''[[Midnight in the Heart of Midlothian]]''
**''[[Dirt]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[The Mona Lisa]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[Palace Hotel]]''
**''[[Human Weakness]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[The Impossible Life and the Possible Death of Preston J. Cole]]''
**''[[From the Office of Dr. William Arthur Iqbal]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Reach]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[Terminal (Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary)|Terminals]]
*''[[Halo: Glasslands]]''
*''[[Halo: Cryptum]]''
*''[[Halo: Primordium]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: The Thursday War]]''
*''[[Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo 4]]''
**''[[Spartan Ops]]''
*''[[Halo: Silentium]]''
{{col-2}}
*''[[Rebirth]]''
*''[[Halo: Spartan Assault]]''
*''[[Halo: Escalation]]''
*''[[Halo: Mortal Dictata]]''
*''[[Halo: Broken Circle]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo 2: Anniversary]]''
**''[[Terminal (Halo 2: Anniversary)|Terminals]]''
*''[[Halo: New Blood]]''
*''[[Halo: Spartan Strike]]''
*''[[Halo: Hunters in the Dark]]''
*''[[Halo: Fleet Battles]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Last Light]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''
*''[[Halo: Ground Command]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo Mythos]]''
*''[[Halo: Fractures]]''
**''[[Breaking Strain]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[Into the Fire]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[Rossbach's World (story)|Rossbach's World]]''
*''[[Halo: Smoke and Shadow]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo Wars 2]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Envoy]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Retribution]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Legacy of Onyx]]''
*''[[Halo: Bad Blood]]''
*''[[Halo: Silent Storm]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Official Spartan Field Manual]]''
*''[[Halo: Lone Wolf]]''
*''[[Halo: Renegades]]''
*''[[Halo: Shadows of Reach]]''
**''[[Sacrifice]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Point of Light]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo Infinite]]''
*''[[Halo: The Television Series]]''
**''[[Contact]]'' {{Mo}}
**''[[Solace (TV Series)|Solace]]''
*''[[Halo: The Rubicon Protocol]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Outcasts]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Saturn Devouring His Son]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Epitaph]]''
{{col-end}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
<references/>
{{Ref/Sources|2}}
 
{{Sol system}}
[[Category:UNSC]]
[[Category:Earth| ]]
[[Category:Planets]]
[[Category:Planets]]
[[Category:Homeworlds]]

Latest revision as of 17:19, September 8, 2024

Wikipedia.png
There is more information available on this subject at Earth on the English Wikipedia.
Earth
Earth thumbnail from Dr. Catherine Halsey's Computer and Halo: Warfleet – An Illustrated Guide to the Spacecraft of Halo
Astrographical

System:

Sol system

Orbiting:

Sol[1]

Orbital position:

Third planet[1]

Moon(s):

One; Luna[1]

Physical

Diameter:

12,756 kilometers (7,926 mi)[1]

Gravity:

1.0 G[1]

Length of day:

24 hours[1]

Length of year:

365.2 days[1]

Atmosphere:

1.0 (N2, O2, Ar)[1]

Surface temperature:

-20°C to 40°C (-4°F to 104°F)[1]

Societal

Species:

Population:

  • Approx. 10 billion (pre-Battle of Earth)[2][3]
  • Approx. 200 million (Post-Battle of Earth, as of Nov. 17, 2552)[4][5]
  • 7.9 billion (modern)[6]

Government:

UNSC strategic significance:

Critical (2558)[8]

UNSC threat level:

Alpha (2558)[8]

 

"Beautiful, isn't she?"
Thomas Lasky discussing Earth, with John-117.[9]

Earth, also known as Sol III,[4][10] known in the Forerunner era as "Erde-Tyrene"[11] (pronounced "Er-da-ty-reen")[12] or "Erda",[13] is the third planet and one of four terrestrial worlds of the Sol system. It is the presumptive homeworld of the human species, though this was disputed by some ancient humans, due to the loss of records to technological dark ages and the presence of human ruins on other worlds.[14] It is the current capital world of the Unified Earth Government, and home to the headquarters of the United Nations Space Command.

With a population of around ten billion, Earth was the most populated planet in UEG territory prior to the Covenant invasion. Despite being dramatically reduced during the Covenant invasion in 2552 due to both casualties inflicted by the Covenant and a major evacuation effort, the population had again risen to several billion by the end of 2553.[3]

Overview

Orbital characteristics

Earth experiences the aurora borealis.[15]

Orbital locations

Topography and ecology

Mount Kilimanjaro as viewed from a Kenyan river in 2552.

Planetside, Earth has seven continents. Three continents are Africa, Asia and Antarctica. Asia and Africa are the first and second largest continents respectively.[16]

There are several oceans on the planet's surface as well, such as the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean,[16] and the Caribbean Ocean.[17]

Locations

Pre-Great Purification
Post-Great Purification
26th-century

Known residents

History

Pangaea, the super-continent 250 million years ago that was the amalgamation of all current present-day continents.

Pre-history

A report filed by the Librarian during her time indexing species on the planet led her to believe that the Precursors had experimented on the planet's native lifeforms due to the mammalian-level intelligence exhibited by certain scyphozoa and cephalopoda at that time of her filing said report.[18]

The remains of a deceased Catalog unit, and a damaged monitor, which revealed that humanity achieved its earliest known spacefaring technological state prior to 1,100,000 BCE and that Forerunners believed humans had "moved their interstellar civilization outward along the galactic arm" by 150,000 BCE. Not only is the dating for humanity's origin less sure now, but the very idea of Earth has humanity's birthplace has also been revealed to have been a matter of debate for the civilization that preceded and witnessed the human-Forerunner wars and some Forerunners. That ancient empire had lost many of the records that could have proven or disproven the issue, and human ruins had also been discovered on multiple worlds beside Earth from forgotten eras of prehistory. Regardless of when and how humanity first evolved and developed, it is clear that humans were present on multiple planets over a million years ago, and it was not until thousands of years into this civilization that leading human scientists traced the species' origins to Earth.[14]

Ancient history

Main articles: Ancestors, Erde-Tyrene civilization
The Librarian's final moments near Mount Kilimanjaro.
Mount Kilimanjaro moments before the Halo effect reaches Earth.

Spreading across the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy, humanity underwent several periods of technological and social regression, losing most of their records in the process. During this time, Earth was contested as the cradle of humanity by Forerunners and ancient humans themselves due to loss of records during their dark ages and as the planet had long been feral and abandoned, most ancient humans simply embraced the planet as an archaic relic of their past, since the center of human culture had largely been relocated to Charum Hakkor.[19] Earth was one of the first human worlds to fall to the Forerunners in the human-Forerunner wars.[13] After being defeated by the Forerunner civilization, most humans were exiled to Earth, with their civilization dismantled, populations splintered amongst the many human species and their culture degrading back to a primitive state for millennia.[11] Earth and humanity came under the charge of the Forerunner Lifeshaper, the Librarian, who helped the humans slowly work towards rebuilding a primitive civilization. Remnants of their former technology, such as steam power and hot-air balloon flight, were re-learned under her care but later forgotten after the firing of the Halo Array.[11]

Near the end of their war with the Flood, the Forerunners, specifically the Lifeworkers under the direction of the Librarian, indexed many of Earth's species - including humans - as a part of their Conservation Measure to preserve life in the galaxy after the activation of the Halo Array. Prior to the activation, after surveying the planet, beacons were activated informing humans imprinted with the Librarian's geas to gather to evacuate the planet. Lifeworkers only had time to evacuate one out of a thousand of the planet's large species; countless species would be left behind. Several days into the evacuation the Librarian and IsoDidact arrived in the system to speak with Catalog. The evacuation was halted ahead of schedule as the Flood had broken through the local Forerunner defenses and were entering the system.[20]

After the Ur-Didact composed most of the human population on Omega Halo, the Librarian realized the remaining population would not be enough to repopulate the species. She sent Chant-to-Green to see how much the Flood had taken in the system and save whatever humans she could. The Flood had left Earth untouched after the Forerunners evacuated. Chant was only able to gather a few hundred humans to send to Installation 00. When Precursor star roads began to appear in the system, she told Chant she would stay on Earth and gave Chant the title of Lifeshaper. Later, a Gargantua-class transport arrived to be disassembled and reconfigured, and after gathering the necessary materials, formed a portal to the Ark.[21]

Post-Great Purification

Circa 97,445 BCE, humans were returned to Earth and watched as the Portal at Voi was buried.[22] With human life reseeded on Earth, it successfully re-developed.[23]

Rise of humanity

Main articles: Rain Forest Wars, Interplanetary War
World War I as depicted in Undefeated. Cropped from source image originally provided by User:TheArb1ter117.
World War I.

Many events would take place during this redevelopment across the planet including several ancient battles such as the Battle of Thermopylae and the Diadochi conflicts. On August 24, 79 CE, Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed Pompei.[24]

Other conflicts after this point included the French Revolution, the Peninsular War,[25] and the Battle of Trafalgar during the Napoleonic Wars.[26][27] Following this, the American Civil War and World War I took place.

World War II came to a close in 1945 with the first usage of human Nuclear weapons at Nagasaki and Hirshima.[28] The bomb at Hiroshima left a domed structure still standing.[23]

In 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin would be the first human being to orbit the Earth.[29]

Earth was in danger of overpopulation in the late 21st-century. Though this would be resolved by planetary colonization.[4] By 2080, humanity's national governments, under the auspices of the United Nations, had begun to establish colonies on the other planets in the Sol system. However, expansion did not come without problems. In the mid-22nd century, two major dissident factions emerged; the neo-communist Koslovics and fascist Frieden, which began to battle one another and the United Nations.[30]

In March–June 2160, Jovian Frieden secessionists attacked United Nations Colonial Advisors on the moon Io, which led to three months of fighting between the Earth military and Jovian Frieden forces. National governments began to support their own colonies which sparked proxy wars off-planet, leading to tension and militarization on Earth. In 2162, armed conflict ripped through South America, starting the Rain Forest Wars, as Koslovic, Frieden, and UN forces all clashed over ideological differences, sparking additional conflicts off-planet. In December of 2163, the three factions clashed, this time on Mars. This was the first extraterrestrial use of Marines, who launched lightning raids on Koslovic positions, permanently affecting military doctrine for centuries. In 2164, UN forces began a massive military build-up and began the first true interplanetary war. The forces of the fledgling United Nations Space Command were significantly bolstered by a massive propaganda campaign running on the victories on Mars and over the next six years took back the Sol system and drove the dissident factions to destruction. Now with a massive military with no enemy to fight, overpopulation, famine, and a collapsing economy, the newly unified Earth faced an uncertain future.[30]

The year 2302 saw the beginning of construction on the Mombasa Tether,[31] the first Space elevator on Earth.[32] Conditions on Earth had deteriorated significantly and by 2310, catching a ride on a new colony ship became appealing to some.[33] A second space elevator, this time in Quito, South America was completed in 2313.[34] In 2332, the Ross-Ziegler Blip was discovered in Earth's carbon and fossil records.[35]

A matte painting from the terminals depicting the Outbreak at the Containment Facility.
The Australian city of Sydney, home of the UNSC Headquarters, pictured prior to the Covenant invasion in 2552.

Human-Covenant War

Main article: Human-Covenant War

Isabelle: "You know when I was living on Mamore, I thought that Earth was really cool, but it's a dump."
Kamal Zaman: "Well, what do you expect from a place called dirt?"
— Isabelle and Kamal Zaman talking about Earth, 2552.[36]

During the entire course of the conflict, the UNSC followed the Cole Protocol, which declared that no UNSC vessel targeted by the Covenant was to retreat to Earth, as a means of ensuring the secrecy and security of the planet's location. In nearly twenty-seven years of galactic warfare, the Covenant never succeeded in determining the location of Earth through the measures taken under the Cole Protocol. However, by September 2552, Earth was humanity's last major stronghold in its war against the Covenant. Nonetheless, the UEG and UNSC maintained plans for an emergency exodus of heavy industry from Earth and Mars, in the event that Earth's position was compromised. Following the disastrous Fall of Reach, these plans were put into effect, due to the Navy's belief that the Earth would be the aliens' next target.[37]

Just prior to the battle for Earth, a faction of Spartan 1.1s stockpiled resources on the planet in case the Covenant invaded.[38]

Despite the effectiveness of the Cole Protocol, on October 20, 2552, the Covenant launched their first attack upon Earth, rendering the Cole Protocol moot and initiating the final confrontation between UNSC forces and the Covenant.[39][40]

Battle for Earth

Main article: Battle for Earth

"Earth... is all we have left."
— Lord Terrence Hood prior to a joint UNSC-Covenant separatist mission to the Ark.[41]
Covenant forces moving in to strike Earth.

On October 20, 2552, the first Covenant forces entered the Sol system. A Covenant expeditionary force consisting of 13 battlecruisers and 2 assault carriers arrived in system, first detected around Io, the third largest moon of Jupiter.[40] After the existence of the Covenant presence was confirmed by probes, the UNSC forces went to full alert. The option was taken to wait for the Covenant forces to come to them rather than let Fleet Admiral Harper launch a counter attack. The Covenant began to work on punching a hole through the orbital defenses by taking out the stations in the battle cluster above the Mediterranean Sea via bombs planted by boarding parties.[40] After the Covenant fleet attempted to rush through the newly formed gap the UNSC fleet annihilated them, destroying most of the Covenant battlecruisers but failing to destroy the assault carriers. One of the assault carriers, Day of Jubilation, was successfully destroyed by SPARTAN-II John-117 but the other, Solemn Penance commanded by the High Prophet of Regret arrived over the city of Mombasa in Kenya via slipspace and quickly assaulted it.[42][43]

Groundside, the Covenant assault carrier had already deployed its ground forces and occupied the city. The Covenant ground forces immediately constructed defense emplacements and structures to reinforce their newly-acquired sites against the counter-offensive UNSC forces. The UNSC In Amber Clad was the first UNSC ship to respond to the Covenant occupation. The ship sent in their complements consisting of SPARTAN-II John-117, Sergeant Avery Johnson and elements of the 7th Orbital Drop Shock Trooper Battalion.[42] The Covenant were subsequently dislodged from Old Mombasa and, following the destruction of a Protos-pattern Scarab, from New Mombasa as well.[42][44] The High Prophet of Regret eventually ordered a general retreat and had his assault carrier initiate a slipspace jump while still over the city. The In Amber Clad and 4 other ships followed in the carrier's wake, while the city was left in chaos.[44] Following this, a significantly enormous Covenant excavation fleet sent by the High Prophet of Truth, under command of Jiralhanae, arrived over Mombasa on October 21 to begin digging through to a Forerunner excession complex buried under the city after securing it along with its surrounding areas.[45][46][47]

The Covenant continued to assault the planet with even more additional Covenant fleets arriving in the Sol system and their forces being deployed all across Earth in the following days and weeks, including at Mount Erebus and the sea floor off of the Yucatan Peninsula.[48] Additionally, human colonies in the Sol system such as Mars and Luna were attacked by the Covenant.[49] The Covenant also attacked Sydney, home of the UNSC Headquarters, HIGHCOM Facility Bravo-6. Fortunately, despite the enormous damage inflicted on the city and Australia, the UNSC HQ survived completely unharmed, owing to its underground facilities.[50] By November, the population of Earth reduced to around 5 billion, initially around 10 billion before the Covenant invasion.[2] When the Great Schism began on November 3, 2552, the Jiralhanae and now-casted out Sangheili forces turned each other as the Covenant civil war stretched from the human homeworld all the way back to Sanghelios, with many Sangheili subsequently allied with the UNSC.[51] At the Centennial Orbital Elevator in Havana, Cuba, the Jiralhanae forces were stymied by the three SPARTAN-IIs of Blue Team, who were re-deployed to Onyx soon after.[52]

The Portal at Voi as seen in the Halo 3  level Tsavo Highway.
The Portal, buried thousands of years on Earth, unveiled by the Covenant.

The bloodiest battles for the planet were fought in mid November when the Covenant now led by the Jiralhanae and the Prophet of Truth began to concentrate more of their forces on Earth shortly after UNSC's defeat on Mars,[53] and when a massive Covenant loyalist armada, which include the Jiralhanae-led High Charity defense fleet remnants and many Covenant loyalist survivors from the Fall of High Charity, arrived in the system.[51] Despite the dramatic increase in Covenant deployments, the works of Colonel James Ackerson in the Battle of Mare Erythraeum helped buy UNSC ground forces on Earth precious time,[54] as the Home Fleet would engage in full force against the massive Covenant attack in high Earth orbit by the time that the Forerunner Dreadnought carrying the Prophet of Truth would jump to Earth on November 17.[51] However, the vast majority of the numerically-inferior UNSC fleet despite the orbital defense platforms was completely destroyed by the Prophet of Truth's overwhelming fleet, only leaving a few ships remaining on the planet.[55] With the subsequent bombardment from the Covenant, the enemy fleet wiped out most of the human presence of Earth.[55] Immediately after the fall of Mars, Cleveland, Ohio was hit in an attempt to find a supposed Forerunner artifact,[56] but this attack was repulsed through the efforts of ODST forces and the self-sacrifice of Colonel James Ackerson who finally managed to delay the Covenant from pressing their assault on Earth with his plans before the planet could be heavily glassed.[57][58] Shortly after, Earth population was swifty now only about 200 million.[59]

The arrival in-system of SPARTAN-117 in a Covenant-controlled Forerunner Dreadnought aboard, freshly escaped from the Battle of Installation 05, was unexpected.[60][51] SPARTAN-117 disembarked from the dreadnought in Earth's atmosphere, later recovered by Marines and taken to Crow's Nest.[61] With the aid of the Arbiter Thel 'Vadam, Commander Miranda Keyes, and Sergeant Major Avery Johnson, SPARTAN-117 breached the Covenant anti-air defenses near the excavated artifact, clearing the way for an aerial strike on the Dreadnought powering it.[62][63] The strike was unable to disable the device or prevent the Prophet of Truth from traveling through the portal. After a brief intervention by the Flood a joint Sangheili/UNSC force departed through the portal in pursuit.[41] Some of the final remaining Covenant forces led by the Jiralhanae leadership were defeated in December in Operation: MARSH FLASH, in Arizona, United Republic of North America.[64] Ultimately, the UNSC eliminated the Covenant presence on Earth once and for all.

Post-war

Following the victory at the Battle of Earth and the Battle of Installation 00, the Human-Covenant War officially came to an end in March of 2553 with a ceremony at Voi.[65] Project Rebirth was initiated sometime afterward to repair locations damaged by the battles on Earth.[66]

The Didact's flagship fires the Composer on New Phoenix on Earth in 2557.[67]

Only two years after the end of the war, Earth faced yet another invasion, this time led not by a hostile alien hegemony, but a Forerunner ancilla, 000 Tragic Solitude, the monitor of Installation 00. As a means to repair the Ark and to get revenge on humans for damaging it, the monitor tricked the UNSC into opening the portal which allowed him to send thousands of Retriever Sentinels to mine Earth for raw resources. The sentinels were engaged by the Home Fleet, which lost at least ten ships in the ensuing battle. Tragic Solitude's plans were thwarted by a joint UNSC and Swords of Sanghelios team on the Ark itself.[68]

In July 2557, the Forerunner known as the Didact arrived in-system aboard his flagship, the Mantle's Approach, planning to use a device known as the Composer to enslave humanity. Having been forewarned by the now Captain Thomas Lasky of the UNSC Infinity, along with Battle Group Dakota engaged Mantle's Approach. Meanwhile, Master Chief John-117 had stowed aboard the Mantle's Approach and with help from the Infinity, boarded the ship. Before the Master Chief could stop the Didact, the Composer began to fire on New Phoenix, Arizona, digitizing its entire population. John-117 eventually destroyed the ship with a nuclear device, ending the threat of the Didact and the Composer for the time being.[67]

Sometime after that, a foiled threat of nuclear bombing by a Covenant refugee took place in Rio de Janeiro.[69]

A Guardian Custode deploying over Earth.

Created uprising

Main article: Created uprising

"This is not a negotiation, Lord Hood. This is your surrender. My terms are clear. You are aware of my capabilities and... I am fully acquainted with yours. If the Earth's government wants to fight, feel free. But hear this. It is a battle you will not win."
— Cortana to Lord Hood prior to the Created's destruction of Sydney.[70]

In October 2558, Cortana reemerged as the self-proclaimed leader of the Created, a collective alliance of human and Forerunner AI constructs whose aim was to enforce the Mantle by bringing the entire galaxy under the control of AIs. This plan called for several Guardians to be deployed across the galaxy. Two such Guardians were deployed to Earth.

The first Guardian proved too powerful for even the Infinity and the vessel was forced to abandon Earth for deep space.[71] The second one arrived at Sydney, destroying defending F-41 Broadswords and causing the defending UNSC Plateau to crash into the city,[72] ultimately leveling it.[73] All technology on Earth and all orbiting vessels were disabled, which resulted in the planet falling under Created control.[71]

Government

An Autumn-class heavy cruiser and UNSC Infinity above Earth being tended to by several Bustler-class freighters.
UNSC Infinity undergoing a refit in a naval yard above Earth.[74]

By the 26th-century, the United Nations is the acting administrative body for the National governments of the planet.[7] The Unified Earth Government and United Nations Space Command are based on Earth, specifically in Sydney, Australia.[75][76]

Defenses

Earth is defended by the UNSC Home Fleet of the UNSC Navy[40] and 300 Orbital defense platforms[77] of the UNSC Air Force.[78] Following the Battle for Earth, Joint Task Force MARIAH was assigned to help protect the portal to the Ark.[79]

Different parts of the Earth also maintain their own defence forces such as those that belong to the East African Protectorate.[80]

Society

The major cities of Earth are London, Mombasa, Quito, Chicago, Cairo and Sydney.[4] Mombasa was considered one of the most renowned and majestic cities on Earth.[81] Beijing and New York City were considered big media and advertising cities with those affiliated with the media, such as journalists and photographers, living and working in either.[82]

Economy

Earth has six space elevators all over the planet.[83][84] Five of these are in Mombasa, Quito, Borneo, Aranuka, and Havana.

Earth traded produce as well, though this produce was claimed by Ellen Anders to have the highest pesticide levels in the Inner Colonies.[85]

Gameplay

Cairo Station, which is set in orbit of Earth.

Halo 2

Main articles: Halo 2, Halo 2: Anniversary

In Halo 2 and Halo 2: Anniversary, a total of four Campaign levels take place on or above Earth. The Armory and Cairo Station take place in space above Earth. Parts of Europe, Africa and the Middle East can be seen. Outskirts and Metropolis take place on Earth in the city of Mombasa in Africa. The final cutscene of the game in The Great Journey also takes place above Earth.

A number of multiplayer maps also take place on or above Earth. Midship and Elongation take place in orbit above the Earth, showing the same view of Earth as The Armory and Cairo Station. Terminal, Turf, District, Ivory Tower, Tombstone, Headlong, Zanzibar, and Foundation all take place on Earth in various places.

Halo 3

Main article: Halo 3

Each Halo 3 campaign level from Arrival to Floodgate take place on Earth in Tanzania or Kenya. The final cutscene in Halo also takes place on Earth.

High Ground, Last Resort and The Pit from the original line up of Halo 3 multiplayer maps take place on Earth. The Heroic Map Pack maps, Blackout and Ghost Town of the Legendary Map Pack, and Orbital and Longshore of the Mythic Map Packs were eventually added that all took place on Earth.

Halo 3: ODST

Main article: Halo 3: ODST

All the campaign levels and Firefight maps of Halo 3: ODST take place on Earth.

Halo: Reach

Main article: Halo: Reach

Only one map in Halo: Reach takes place on Earth and that is Breakneck, which is set in Section 21 of Mombasa.

Halo 4

Main article: Halo 4

A large portion of the level Midnight is set on the Mantle's Approach resting above New Phoenix, Earth. North America and parts of South America can be seen in the skybox of the level. The Epilogue also shows some scenes in the Earth city of New Phoenix.

Halo: Spartan Strike

Main article: Halo: Spartan Strike

All of the missions as part of Operation A: Orphic Spear and Operation E: Brother's Keeper take place in Mombasa and New Pheonix respectively, both on Earth.

Halo 5: Guardians

Main article: Halo 5: Guardians

The final cutscene of Guardians features the UNSC Infinity over Earth. Only one multiplayer level, Breakout Arena, takes place over Earth, set on Munera Platform A7. Parts of Eastern Europe, the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa can be seen in the skybox as the planet rotates.


Gallery

List of appearances

Sources

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Halo Waypoint: Universe - Location - Earth
  2. ^ a b Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), p. 282
  3. ^ a b Twitter: @HaloWaypoint Hey, what was the population of Earth prior to November 2552?
  4. ^ a b c d Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 54
  5. ^ Halo 3 Bestiarum
  6. ^ Halo: Warfleet, page 22
  7. ^ a b Halo Waypoint: Query Answer: Human records indicate that the assembly (ref: United Nations) is a vestigial organization responsible for adjudication of administrative tasks between territorial sectors on Erde-Tyrene.
  8. ^ a b Halo: Official Spartan Field Manual, page 91
  9. ^ Halo 4, campaign level Epilogue
  10. ^ Halo Channel, Encyclopedia
  11. ^ a b c Halo: Cryptum
  12. ^ Rebirth
  13. ^ a b Halo: Primordium, page 238
  14. ^ a b Halo: Primordium, p. 238
  15. ^ bungie.net, Legendary Map Pack (Retrieved on Feb 8, 2021) [archive]
  16. ^ a b Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), Earth, p. 284-285, (2009); p. 296 (2011)
  17. ^ Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, chapter 23
  18. ^ Halo: The Flood (2010), Adjunct
  19. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 16
  20. ^ Halo: Silentium, String 2
  21. ^ Halo: Silentium, String 37
  22. ^ Halo 3: The Cradle of Life
  23. ^ a b Halo Legends, Origins
  24. ^ blogspot, ilovebees, August 24
  25. ^ Halo: Saturn Devouring His Son
  26. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), page 260
  27. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2011 edition), page 272
  28. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), Timeline, p. 31
  29. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), Human Colonization of Space, p. 42
  30. ^ a b Official Halo Wars Community Site - Timeline (defunct, Archive)
  31. ^ Bungie.net, Field Guide entry: New Mombasa (Retrieved on Jun 1, 2020) [archive]
  32. ^ Halo Waypoint: "Space Elevator" article (Archived on Archive.org)
  33. ^ Xbox.com: Halo Storyline (Defunct, Copy on HBO Forums, Wayback Machine, and Halopedia)
  34. ^ Halo 3, multiplayer map Orbital
  35. ^ Halo: Evolutions, "From the Office of Dr. William Arthur Iqbal"
  36. ^ I Love Bees, Axon Clips, Chapter 10 - Kamal: "Family Reunion"
  37. ^ Bungie.net: Jason Jones Interviewed By You (Archive)
  38. ^ I Love Bees, Axon Clips, Chapter 12 - "Enter Kevin"
  39. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, ??
  40. ^ a b c d Halo 2, campaign level Cairo Station
  41. ^ a b Halo 3, campaign level Floodgate
  42. ^ a b c Halo 2, campaign level Outskirts
  43. ^ Halo 3: ODST: Sadie's Story, Circle 1, Arc 2
  44. ^ a b Halo 2, campaign level Metropolis
  45. ^ Halo Waypoint - Ten Twenty
  46. ^ Halo Waypoint, Canon Fodder - Vergil Reality (Retrieved on Jun 15, 2021) [archive]
  47. ^ Halo 3: ODST, campaign level Coastal Highway
  48. ^ Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, page 203
  49. ^ Halo Legendary Crate - Data Drop #2: First Twelve Hours
  50. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), chapter Earth: p. 284-285, (2009); p. 296-297 (2011 edition)
  51. ^ a b c d Halo 2, campaign level The Great Journey
  52. ^ Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, page 220
  53. ^ Halo Uprising, issue #3
  54. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), page ??
  55. ^ a b Halo 3, campaign level Crow's Nest: "The Prophet of Truth's ships breached the Lunar perimeter. Smashed what was left of the Home Fleet. Terrestrial casualties from the subsequent bombardment were... extreme."
  56. ^ Halo Uprising, issue #1
  57. ^ Halo Uprising, issue #4
  58. ^ Halo Uprising, issue #2
  59. ^ Halo 3, Bestiarum
  60. ^ Halo 3, campaign level Sierra 117
  61. ^ Halo 3, campaign level Crow's Nest
  62. ^ Halo 3, campaign level Tsavo Highway
  63. ^ Halo 3, campaign level The Storm
  64. ^ Halo Legendary Crate, Data Drop #2
  65. ^ Halo 3, campaign level Halo
  66. ^ Halo: Legacy of Onyx, chapter 2
  67. ^ a b Halo 4, campaign level Midnight
  68. ^ Halo: Hunters in the Dark, ??
  69. ^ Spartan Ops, S1E1 - Departure
  70. ^ Halo Infinite, campaign level Repository
  71. ^ a b Halo 5: Guardians, campaign level Guardians
  72. ^ Halo: Fractures, Rossbach's World
  73. ^ Halo Waypoint, Canon Fodder - Fleetcom Fiction (Retrieved on Aug 14, 2024) [archive]
  74. ^ Halo Waypoint, Community Update - Chasing Shadows (Retrieved on Jun 1, 2020) [archive]
  75. ^ Halo Waypoint: Universe - UNSC
  76. ^ Halo Waypoint, UEG
  77. ^ Halo 2, campaign level The Armory
  78. ^ Halo: Official Spartan Field Manual, page 136-138
  79. ^ Halo Waypoint, Canon Fodder - Legendary Endings (Retrieved on Dec 13, 2021) [archive]
  80. ^ Halo Waypoint, Canon Fodder - Ship Strike (Retrieved on Apr 20, 2023) [archive]
  81. ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 129
  82. ^ Halo Graphic Novel, page 85
  83. ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 191
  84. ^ Bungie.net, Halo 3: ODST Field Guide, "Superintendent" entry
  85. ^ Halo Wars: Genesis