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Magnetic Accelerator Cannon

From Halopedia, the Halo wiki

Revision as of 01:16, May 26, 2020 by 68.107.70.154 (talk) (duplicate information + incorrect information (the slug that's 600 tons and the one that goes at 30 km/s are made of different materials and fired 27 years apart, nothing says that they were the same slug).)
A MAC blast on Fort Deen.
A MAC strike.

The Magnetic Accelerator Cannon (MAC), also known as the Mass Accelerator Cannon,[1][2] is a weapon system employed by the United Nations Space Command on its warships and orbital defense platforms. Essentially large coilguns, MACs serve as the primary armament of UNSC Navy warships and weapon platforms.

Overview

Operational design

The theory behind the operation of a Magnetic Accelerator Cannon is the same as that of a coilgun. The system is a linear motor consisting of a series of magnetic coils which accelerate a metal projectile through a barrel up to high velocity. This technology is not to be confused with that of a railgun, in which a projectile is electromagnetically accelerated between two conducting rails.

Firing operation

This work is dual licensed by ZeroOne:
The basic design of a coilgun.

The firing process uses electromagnetism to fire a metal slug at high velocity. An extremely large amount of current is put through the first solenoid, (coil of conducting wire), which creates a strong magnetic field that attracts the slug. As the slug passes into the solenoid, the solenoid is quickly turned off and the second solenoid, which is closer to the muzzle, turns on, which attracts the now higher-velocity metal slug just like the first solenoid, and the process is carried on.

A shipboard MAC draws power from the ship's reactor and requires a charge of the weapon's magnetic coils in order to be fired. The time it takes to bring the MAC's systems to full charge on a UNSC vessel is the deciding factor during in-combat use. Thus, while a vessel may not run out of ammunition for a long time, (depending on the size/weight of the slugs and the capacity of the ship), a commanding officer has to carefully analyze the situation of a battle and use his shots strategically. The weapon could be fired even when not at full charge, but the velocity of the projectile will be greatly diminished.

Orbital defense platforms have the same firing process, though they launch much more massive projectiles, (3,000 tons), with greater frequency. At the moment a slug leaves an ODP-mounted MAC's muzzle, a pair of thrusters on the bottom side of the station fire for a few of seconds to counteract the acceleration imparted to the station.[3]

Ammunition

A slug fired by the Cairo's MAC in H2A, resting beneath the armory.
A slug fired by Cairo Station's 1D4A1 Magnetic Accelerator Cannon.

Magnetic Accelerator Cannons are capable of firing a variety of ammunition types varying on model and bore, ranging from hyper-dense kinetic kill slugs to sub-caliber rounds to semi-autonomous drone missiles [4] to cargo packages and various other special payloads.[5] The largest MACs can even be used to launch small spacecraft.[6] A typical MAC round weighs multiple tons,[7] and is constructed of super-dense ferric-tungsten.[2] The "Super MAC" mounted on one of the Reach orbital defense platforms[8] was capable of firing a 3,000-ton slug at nearly "point four-tenths" the speed of light.[9]

Aiming

The size of a Magnetic Accelerator Cannon is such that it is normally an integral component of a warship's (or station's) structure and cannot be aimed independently; the space vehicle must maneuver to directly face a target. When firing unguided rounds, due to the huge distances involved in inter-ship combat, significant targeting calculations are required to generate a firing solution. These are normally handled by an onboard ship AI if installed.[citation needed] The Mark 2488 Onager, a smaller, turreted MAC, can be aimed and fired by a single operator via a control station attached to the weapon itself.[10]

Types

There are numerous variations of the MAC technology, grouped under several "Mark"-based designations. MAC systems are also sometimes roughly divided between "heavy coil" and "light coil" guns.[11][12] All known frigate classes carry one light MAC system, whereas the standard destroyer[13] carry two light MACs and the Marathon-class heavy cruiser carry two heavy MACs.[14] The Navy's post-war flagship, UNSC Infinity, is armed with four "Super MAC" Magnetic Accelerator Cannons, though different from those on Orbital Defense Platforms and of unknown power.[11]

Mark II

The Mark II is a MAC version that uses light coils.

  • Mark II, Light Coil - 56A2D4 MAC: The 56A2D4 MAC is a variant that was on the UNSC In Amber Clad, in where it is fitted on the lower boom, with the upper boom having fire control systems and pulsed power storage for the MAC.[15][16] It was also fitted onto the UNSC Pillar of Autumn after it was refitted.[17]
  • The 56A2D4 in the Pillar of Autumn.

    The 56A2D4 in the Pillar of Autumn.

  • The 56A2D4 in the In Amber Clad.

    The 56A2D4 in the In Amber Clad.

Mark IV

The Mark IV is a MAC version that uses heavy coils.

Mark V

The Mark V MAC is a MAC version that could be fitted onto orbital stations. The projectiles fired by the Mark V were massive.[20]

Mark IX

The Mark IX is a MAC version that uses heavy coils.

Series 8

The Series 8 is a MAC version on the UNSC Infinity. Four of these are fitted on the Infinity.

  • CR-03 Series 8 MAC: The CR-03 Series 8 MAC, also known as the CR-03S8 MAC,[24] was the first version of MACs installed on the Infinity.
  • CR-03B Series 8 MAC: The CR-03B Series 8 MAC was the version put onto the Infinity after it was retrofitted in 2558.[6]
  • Four CR-03B MAC's on the Infinity.

    Four CR-03B MAC's on the Infinity.

Unknown

The following MAC version currently have an unknown Mark or series.

  • Light Coil - 56A2F9 MAC: The 56A2F9 MAC is a rapid fire variant of the Mark II, Light Coil - 56A2D4 MAC. It is fitted on the Epoch-class heavy carrier.[25]
  • 14B11R2 MAC Battery: The 14B11R2 MAC Battery is a variant that is a spinal-mounted, twin-linked, 1170mm/647mm high-velocity coilgun. It is fitted on the Halberd-class destroyer.[26]
  • 22B6R3 MAC Battery: The 22B6R3 MAC Battery is a variant that is a 530 cm multi-payload coilgun. Three of these are filled on the UNSC Spirit of Fire.[28]

Ship board fitting

Frigates and destroyers

A squadron of UNSC frigates firing their MACs at the Covenant's Forerunner Dreadnought.

A standard frigate-mounted MAC averages at 183 metres (600 ft).[2] The standard frigate-based MAC fires a slug of unspecified mass at around 30 kilometers per second, and also has the capability to fire a 600 ton slug at supersonic speeds (between 340 m/s and 1.715 km/s). The high muzzle velocity provides the slug the kinetic energy and momentum necessary to damage a target and partially mitigates its unguided nature and its lack of maneuverability.[29][30] While powerful, these guns require long charge times, impacting their sustained firepower. A destroyer circa 2552 operating at half its usual power output required 50 minutes to charge up its two MACs to 100%, indicating it would normally take 25 minutes to charge both, or 12.5 minutes to charge one.[31] Captain Wallace and Catherine Halsey were able to hold a short conversation complete with emphasizing pauses in the time it took for the UNSC Commonwealth 's MAC to charge up an additional 20% (from 30% to 50%).[32]

The large amount of energy needed to fire the weapon is particularly onerous on a warship, and the extended recharge time is a significant factor in combat against Covenant warships. As a result, MAC rounds are often fired at significantly below their maximum potential velocity by an order of magnitude or more. This results in the impacts being much weaker, but the MACs can be fired far faster and such firepower is still sufficient to destroy the shields of most Covenant warships after a few hits.[note 1] The standard Magnetic Accelerator Cannon is sufficient to destroy any human vessel or severely damage an unshielded Covenant vessel.[note 2]

Specialized and modified versions

The standard MAC can be enhanced with booster capacitors which allow the weapon to be fired three times per charge rather than once per charge. This improved technology was only known to be implemented with the UNSC Pillar of Autumn prior to the Fall of Reach.[33] The modified weapon, known as the Mark II, Light Coil - 56A2D4/MAC,[34] charged faster than the standard version, though this is likely due to the Pillar of Autumn's advanced reactors.[33] While much faster than usual, the Pillar of Autumn still suffered from long charge times for its MAC; this could be partially mitigated by putting the totality of the ship's output into charging the weapon, though this was considered a risky tactic, as the engines would have to be powered down and the ship rendered static and vulnerable.[35] Also exclusive to the Pillar of Autumn along with the modified MAC were newer and lighter MAC rounds that had less dense ferrous core, but a harder outer layer of tungsten carbide.[33]

"Super" Magnetic Accelerator Cannon

File:H2A - ODP.jpg
An orbital defense platform (ODA-142: Cairo Station) armed with a "Super" Magnetic Accelerator Cannon.

UNSC orbital defense platforms, Punic-class supercarriers and the UNSC Infinity mount larger and more powerful versions of the standard Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, nicknamed the "Super" MAC or the "big stick". The orbital defense platforms present in orbit of Reach were among the most powerful ever built,[8] approximately 802.2 metres (2,632 ft) long [2] and capable of accelerating 3,000-ton projectiles to "point four-tenths the speed of light", placing it with pinpoint accuracy and impacting with a massive amount of kinetic energy.[9] Most UNSC and Covenant vessels are destroyed by this weapon, with shielded Covenant destroyers being shattered into "a million fragments" upon impact.[36][note 3] The Moncton-class orbital weapons platforms of the Earth's orbital defense grid, on the other hand, were capable of accelerating multi-ton projectiles to muzzle velocities of several kilometers per second via hundreds of asynchronous linear induction motors lining the barrel.[7] However, these guns, even with assistance from the UNSC Home Fleet, were not powerful enough to pierce the shields of the Ur-Didact's flagship, Mantle's Approach. Only the UNSC Infinity's MAC guns managed to pierce Mantle's Approach's hull at a closer range causing considerable damage and even then only after John-117 managed to disable the ship's point-defense guns and shield emitters using an F-41 Broadsword.[37]

By receiving power from ground-based power plants, the orbital defense platforms over Reach could achieve recharge and reload times as short as five seconds.[38] Earth's Moncton-class platforms received power from stacked liquid-metal capacitance cells on the stations themselves.[7]

The first in her own class, UNSC Infinity is equipped with four Super MACs, the CR-03, Series-8 Magnetic Accelerator Cannons.[5][11] In addition to standard MAC rounds, the CR-03S8 is capable of firing various subcaliber rounds, cargo packages, and autonomous kill vehicles with specialized payloads.[5] Two of these nearly 27m-bore coilguns were powerful enough to breach the Mantle's Approach's powerful defenses, allowing the Master Chief to enter the ship. However, the Infinity had to get within relatively close range and needed John-117 to disable some of the Mantle's Approach's point-defense guns to take the shot. Even then, Infinity's shot caused relatively minor damage that was quickly sealed by the powerful Forerunner ship. Notably however, these MAC guns were the only weapons to breach the Didact's ship at all, with even the MAC guns of Earth's orbital defense platforms failing to do any damage.[37]

Small Magnetic Accelerator Cannons

Mini-MAC

Main article: M510 Mammoth

A UNSC "Mammoth" terrestrial siegework platform mounts a Mark 2457/35cm HRG;[39] a miniature, mobile version of the standard Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, colloquially referred to as a "Mini-MAC".[40] It is designed to destroy terrestrial and suborbital fortifications and warships.[41] G81 Condor Gunships are also equipped with a Mini-MAC, for use against hard targets.[42]

"Onager"

An Onager MAC on Reach in the Asźod ship breaking yards.
Main articles: Mark 2488 Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, Mark 2551 Magnetic Accelerator Cannon

The Mark 2488 Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, informally known as the Onager, is a relatively small Magnetic Accelerator Cannon used for static defense. A manned version was used to defend the Pillar of Autumn on Reach.[10] The Mark 2488 fires a 15 cm round with up to 1.1 gigajoules (0.25 tons) of kinetic energy. It is 32.6 meters long,[43] making a standard frigate-mounted MAC 5.6 times larger by length and roughly 177 times larger by volume, assuming similar dimensions. After the war, a new automated variant, the Mark 2551, was mounted on the UNSC Infinity[44] and Ivanoff Station.[45] The network responsible for the operation of the new model was vulnerable to disruption through the use of jamming devices placed on the Infinity's hull.[44]

Related technologies

M68 Gauss Cannon

Main article: M68 Gauss Cannon

The M68 Gauss Cannon is a weapon mounted on the M12G1 Light Anti-Armor Vehicle as well as on stationary turrets. It utilizes the same coilgun technology used in MAC, but on a smaller scale.

M92 Principle Gauss Cannon

Main article: M92 Principle Gauss Cannon

The M92 Principle Gauss Cannon is a weapon system of similar MAC mechanics that runs along the length of the Open Frame 92/Extra-Vehicular Activity.

M99 Stanchion Gauss Rifle

Main article: Model 99 Special Application Scoped Rifle

The M99 is a man portable anti-matériel and anti-personnel special application weapon using 5.4mm/.21 caliber rounds. Like the M68 Gauss Cannon, it utilizes the same coilgun technology as a MAC, only on an even smaller scale. Though smaller than conventional ammunition, these rounds are accelerated to speeds fast enough to travel long distances with almost no change in trajectory, punch through any obstructing materials, hit their target, and still retain significant kinetic energy.

Mass drivers

Main article: Mass driver

The mass driver is an orbital launch assembly designed to propel low-weight payloads into orbit, otherwise known as orbital lifting, or to deliver them across a planetary system. The operating principle of the mass driver is essentially the same as that of the Magnetic Accelerator Cannon: it is a large coilgun that magnetically accelerates a package consisting of a magnetizable holder containing a payload.

While not a purpose-built weapon like the Magnetic Accelerator Cannon, these platforms are still potent weapons of opportunity. While never formally incorporated as a weapon, mass drivers have been used at as defensive magnetic accelerator weapons at Harvest, the Rubble, and Reach.

Gameplay

The Spirit of Fire bombarding from orbit.
The MAC Blast in use.

Halo Wars

"Use the Spirit of Fire's awesome Mass Accelerator Cannon to incinerate enemy troops."
— In-game description.

In Halo Wars, the MAC Blast ability allows the player to use the UNSC Spirit of Fire's point-defense MACs for pinpoint orbital bombardment. It is mainly used as a support weapon to help the UNSC penetrate heavy Covenant defenses and Covenant bases, and is a potent weapon against Scarabs.

In Skirmish and multiplayer, the MAC Blast can only be used if Captain James Cutter is selected as the player's leader character. In the campaign, the MAC Blast is available in several missions, most notably Dome of Light, during which the player is granted access to forty rapid-fire MAC rounds to destroy a Covenant base that was located under a Covenant energy shield dome until part of the dome was overloaded using Rhinos.

Halo Wars 2

In Halo Wars 2, the MAC Blast has been upgraded by Ellen Anders and Isabel into MAC Blast EMP, which is very effective against all mechanical units. The EMP MAC is only available during the campaign mission "The Cartographer", where it is used to fire on a swarm of Aggressor Sentinels defending a Forerunner conduit. In Multiplayer and Blitz Mode, the MAC Blast is exclusive to Isabel and Sergeant Johnson. Isabel uses standard MAC rounds, while Johnson uses EMP rounds.

Changes from Halo Wars to Halo Wars 2

  • MAC rounds can no longer can be upgraded via the Armory.
  • Leader Points now can be used to upgrade MAC damage.

Gallery

List of appearances

Notes

  1. ^ In every single space battle scene in the novels, including Halo: The Fall of Reach and Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, MAC slugs are described as cleanly penetrating from one end of Covenant ships and out the other, as well as punching holes in whatever they hit. This would be impossible if the slugs were actually going at 30 kilometers per second on every occasion, as past around 1.7 km/s, the tungsten slugs would create hypervelocityimpacts. Therefore, the coilguns must be "dialed down", trading pure power and velocity for refire rate (as a point of comparison, a 600 ton object traveling at 1 km/s would impact with the force of 65 tons of TNT). This matches the depiction of MACs in the games, where they have a refire rate of only a few seconds and muzzle velocities of only a few kilometers per second at most (as in the last cutscene of Cairo Station in Halo 2: Anniversary). It also fits the velocity of the MAC slugs in Halo: The Fall of Reach - The Animated Series, and the description of a MAC propelling slugs to supersonic (between 340 m/s and 1.7 km/s) velocities on pg. 264 of Halo: First Strike.
  2. ^ The Halo Encyclopedia erroneously states that a typical shipboard MAC slug is fired at .4c (40% the speed of light), which would probably cause the projectile to be atomized by its own acceleration. The weapon's explosive yield is listed as equivalent to 1.17 teratons of TNT. This would release an average of 21,667 times more energy than Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear device in history, which is generally agreed to have released between 50 and 58 megatons (210 to 240 petajoules) of TNT-equivalent energy.
  3. ^ The Halo Encyclopedia claims that a Super MAC slug is fired at .5c (50% the speed of light), and that its explosive yield is around 9.98 teratons. This would result in an explosion with around 184,815 more energy than the aforementioned Tsar Bomba, or roughly one tenth of the energy released by the Chicxulub impactor which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

Sources

  1. ^ Halo: Contact Harvest, Chapter 7, page 119
  2. ^ a b c d Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 114
  3. ^ Halo 2, campaign level Cairo Station
  4. ^ Halo: Warfleet, page 32
  5. ^ a b c Halo Mythos, page 133
  6. ^ a b Halo: Warfleet, pages 42-43
  7. ^ a b c Halo: Warfleet, page 31
  8. ^ a b Waypoint: Canon Fodder - Lookin Glassed
  9. ^ a b Halo: The Fall of Reach, Chapter 31
  10. ^ a b Halo: Reach, campaign level The Pillar of Autumn
  11. ^ a b c Waypoint: The Halo Bulletin: 10.10.12
  12. ^ Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide, page 191
  13. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, page 139
  14. ^ Halo Encyclopedia, page 251
  15. ^ Halo Waypoint: UNSC In Amber Clad
  16. ^ Halo: Warfleet, p. 36-37
  17. ^ Halo: Warfleet, p. 25
  18. ^ a b Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide, page 192
  19. ^ Halo Waypoint: UNSC Frigate
  20. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, Chapter 24
  21. ^ Halo: Warfleet, pages 30
  22. ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, p. 27 (Cairo Station)
  23. ^ Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide, p. 191
  24. ^ Halo Mythos, page 133
  25. ^ Halo: Warfleet, pages 40
  26. ^ Halo Mythos, pages 82-83
  27. ^ Halo: Warfleet, pages 19
  28. ^ Halo Mythos, page 71
  29. ^ Halo: First Strike, page 267 (2003 edition); page ??? (2010 edition)
  30. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, page 108 (2001 edition); page 130 (2010 edition)
  31. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, chapter 21, concerning the UNSC Iroquois: “MAC guns charging,” Lieutenant Hikowa reported. “Sixty-five percent and climbing at two percent per minute.” Later in the same chapter: "He was not about to charge into battle, however, with the Iroquois at half power, her structural integrity already compromised, and with no AI to mount a point defense against Covenant single ships."
  32. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, chapter 12.
  33. ^ a b c Halo: The Fall of Reach, page 275
  34. ^ Halo Waypoint: Pillar of Autumn
  35. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, chapter 21: “Sir,” Lieutenant Hikowa cried. “We have an insufficient charge rate to fire the MAC guns.” “Understood,” Captain Keyes said. “Divert all power from the engines to regenerate gun capacitors.” “May I point out—” Cortana said and crossed her arms “—that if you power down the engines, we will be inside the blast radius of the Shiva warhead when it reaches the Covenant ship?” “Noted,” Captain Keyes said. “Do it.”
  36. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, page 297 (2001 edition)
  37. ^ a b Halo 4, campaign level Midnight
  38. ^ Halo: The Fall of Reach, Chapter 33
  39. ^ Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide, page 115
  40. ^ Halo 4, campaign level Reclaimer
  41. ^ Halo 4 Interactive Guide
  42. ^ Halo Waypoint - Canon Fodder: The Art of War(s)
  43. ^ Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide, page 75
  44. ^ a b Halo 4, campaign level Infinity
  45. ^ Halo 4, campaign level Composer

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Heavy armaments of humanity
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