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HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I ADS: Difference between revisions

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{{era|HCW}}  
{{Status|Canon}}
{{Ship
{{Individual ship infobox
|image=[[File:HRUNTING YGGDRASIL.png|300px]]
|image=[[File:HRUNTING YGGDRASIL.png|300px]]
|name=Mark I Prototype Armor Defense System
|name=HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I ADS
|manufacturer=[[Materials Group]]
|manufacturer=[[Materials Group]]
|line=HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL
|line=HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL
Line 37: Line 37:
|role=Heavy combat
|role=Heavy combat
|era= [[Human-Covenant War]]
|era= [[Human-Covenant War]]
|affiliation= [[UNSC Defense Force]]
|affiliation= [[United Nations Space Command]]
}}
}}


The '''Mark I Prototype Armor Defense System''',<ref>[http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/transmissions/article/2010-04-19--This-Week-s-Halo-Waypoint-Schedule '''Halo.Xbox.com''': ''This Week’s Halo Waypoint Schedule''] (source defunct)</ref> known simultaneously as '''HRUNTING''' and '''YGGDRASIL''',<ref name="waypoint">[http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/Universe/Detail/prototype/b053d1dc-912b-401b-bb9e-2909d1028c31#imageNumber=1 '''Halo Waypoint:''' ''Prototype'']</ref><ref name="Algolis">[http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/Universe/Detail/algolis/c37d512a-eed7-44c0-bc3b-eb5b362b3160#imageNumber=1 '''Halo Waypoint''', ''Algolis'']</ref> was an experimental bipedal [[powered exoskeleton]]/[[wikipedia:Armoured fighting vehicle|armored fighting vehicle]] developed by the [[Materials Group]] at [[Weapons Research Facility T12A]] on [[Algolis]]. It was intended for use by the [[UNSC Marine Corps]].<ref name="waypoint"/>
The '''HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I Prototype Armor Defense System''',<ref>[http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/transmissions/article/2010-04-19--This-Week-s-Halo-Waypoint-Schedule '''Halo.Xbox.com''': ''This Week’s Halo Waypoint Schedule''] (source defunct)</ref> known simultaneously as '''HRUNTING''' and '''YGGDRASIL''',{{Ref/Site|Id=waypoint|URL=http://halo.xbox.com/en-US/Universe/detail/prototype/b053d1dc-912b-401b-bb9e-2909d1028c31|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Prototype|D=05|M=09|Y=2012|LocalArchive=Archive:Halo_Waypoint/2009_to_2014/Universe/Technology}}<ref name="Algolis">[http://halo.xbox.com/en-us#/intel/theuniverse/locations/gallery/algolis/c37d512a-eed7-44c0-bc3b-eb5b362b3160?filter=all '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Algolis''] (defunct, backup on [https://web.archive.org/web/20110310163234/http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/intel/theuniverse/locations/gallery/algolis/c37d512a-eed7-44c0-bc3b-eb5b362b3160 Archive.org])</ref> was an experimental bipedal [[powered exoskeleton]]/[[wikipedia:Armoured fighting vehicle|armored fighting vehicle]] developed by the [[Materials Group]] at [[Weapons Research Facility T12A]] on [[Algolis]]. It was intended for use by the [[UNSC Marine Corps]].{{Ref/Reuse|waypoint}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Derived from two separate projects, HRUNTING and YGGDRASIL,<ref name="Algolis"/> the Prototype was a development of an earlier version of the [[MJOLNIR Powered Assault Armor]], which was designed for use by the [[SPARTAN-II Program|SPARTAN-IIs]]. However, despite its effectiveness, the idea was mainly scrapped, as the user was very vulnerable and it was too complicated for use on the limited number of SPARTAN-IIs.<ref>'''Halo Legends''': ''Prototype'' developer commentary</ref> The only known prototype of this exoskeleton suit was destroyed, along with all of its data, due to the enactment of the [[United Nations Space Command Emergency Priority Order 098831A-1|Cole Protocol]] during the [[Battle of Algolis]]. <ref>'''Halo Legends''', ''Prototype''</ref><ref name="waypoint"></ref>
[[Project YGGDRASIL]] and [[Project HRUNTING]] were both initiated by the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] in the early to mid 26th century, under the direction of Vice Admiral [[Danforth Whitcomb]].{{Ref/Reuse|waypoint}}{{Ref/Reuse|Algolis}}{{Ref/Note|Text=Halo Waypoint's page on the armour, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905155702/http://halo.xbox.com/en-US/Universe/detail/prototype/b053d1dc-912b-401b-bb9e-2909d1028c31#imageNumber=1 circa 2012,] claims that the HRUNTING and YGGDRASIL projects were one and the same. However, most other sources treat them as separate, and so this page does the same.}} YGGDRASIL was an umbrella name for initiatives that aimed to re-engineer [[MJOLNIR Powered Assault Armor|Project MJOLNIR]] technologies for use in other UNSC vehicles.<ref name="WaypointMantis">[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/vehicles/mantis '''''Halo Waypoint''' - Universe'', Mantis]</ref> Meanwhile, HRUNTING was a project best known for the [[HRUNTING Mark III (B) Cyclops]], another powered exoskeleton.<ref name="EVGCyclops">'''''[[Halo: The Essential Visual Guide]]''' - Cyclops'', Page 44</ref> Decades after the creation of the Cyclops, the same Algolis-based group behind that exoskeleton would unite the advancements made by both projects to create the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL line of exoskeletons, including the prototype HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I ADS.{{Ref/Reuse|Algolis}}{{Ref/Reuse|EVGCyclops}}


HRUNTING and YGGDRASIL would continue to develop subsequent Armor Defense Systems. This work culminated in the [[HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark IX Armor Defense System|Mark IX "Mantis"]] used by the Marine Corps.<ref>[http://www.halowaypoint.com/en-US/halo4guide '''Halo 4 Interactive Guide''']</ref>
Despite its effectiveness, the idea was mainly scrapped, as the user was very vulnerable and it was too complicated for use on the limited number of SPARTAN-IIs.<ref>'''Halo Legends''': ''Prototype'' developer commentary</ref>
 
During the [[Algolis Invasion]], the prototype exoskeleton was ordered destroyed under the [[United Nations Space Command Emergency Priority Order 098831A-1|Cole Protocol]]. Despite this order, the Marine known as [[Ghost (Marine)|Ghost]] took control of the exoskeleton to use it to buy escaping Marines and civilians time to escape for the duration of the self-destruct sequence. The exoskeleton took heavy damage, but Ghost completed his mission. Once the timer ran out, Ghost activated the [[self-destruct]], obliterating all of the nearby Covenant forces in a nuclear explosion.{{Ref/Reuse|waypoint}}{{Ref/Film|HLeg|Story=[[Prototype]]}} However, not all data on the Mark I ADS was lost when Algolis fell, leading to the creation of the [[HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I (J) Green Machine|"[J]" variant]] of the suit.<ref>[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/folks-need-heroes '''Canon Fodder 98.2:''' ''Folks Need Heroes'']</ref>
 
The HRUNTING and YGGDRASIL projects would continue to develop subsequent Armor Defense Systems. This work resulted in a number of different armor systems, including the [[HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark II (D) Geyrion|Mark II [D] Geyrion]], [[HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark II (J) Colossus|Mark II [J] "Colossus"]], and [[HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark IX Armor Defense System|Mark IX "Mantis"]].<ref>[http://www.halowaypoint.com/en-US/halo4guide '''Halo 4 Interactive Guide''']</ref> [[Colonel]] [[James Ackerson]] was evidently involved with this program.<ref>'''Halo: Fall of Reach - Invasion''', ''Issue 2''</ref>


==Features==
==Features==
The HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL suit was powered by a nuclear fusion reactor. Unlike the more advanced MJOLNIR system, the user did not need to possess physiological augmentation to wear the armor. Though the [[Heads-up display|HUD]] was rather similar to that of the MJOLNIR, the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL's integrated weapon system and improved target assessment negated the need for a neural interface link. The suit used simple [[laser]] and radio technology for communications. Unlike the MJOLNIR, the suit did not recycle fluids. Overall, the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL was much more expensive to manufacture than the MJOLNIR, which meant that it saw very limited production.<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/haloforum/halo.forum.pl?read=967531 '''Halo.bungie.org''': ''Re: End of Prototype *Legends spoils*'']</ref><ref name="waypoint"></ref>
The HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL suit was powered by a nuclear fusion reactor. Unlike the MJOLNIR family of powered assault armors, the user did not need to possess physiological augmentation to wear the armor. Though the [[Heads-up display|HUD]] was rather similar to that of the MJOLNIR, the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I's integrated weapon system and improved target assessment negated the need for a neural interface link. The suit used simple [[laser]] and radio technology for communications. Unlike the MJOLNIR, the suit did not recycle fluids. Overall, the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I was much more expensive to manufacture than the MJOLNIR, which meant that it saw very limited production.{{Ref/Reuse|waypoint}}<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/haloforum/halo.forum.pl?read=967531 '''Halo.bungie.org''': ''Re: End of Prototype *Legends spoils*'']</ref>


===Armament===
===Armament===
The main strength of the suit lay in its myriad of weapon systems, each integrated directly into the infrastructure of the exoskeleton. The right arm ended in the 850-round, six-barreled [[T261 Arm-Mounted Gatling Gun|T261 Lucifer Arm-Mounted Gatling Gun]] which possessed an integrated targeting system.  A rather large-barreled grenade launcher was mounted on top of the gatling gun with what appeared to be the ammunition belt wrapped around the base. The right shoulder was topped with a tri-barreled [[LAU-1810/SGM-151|LAU-1810/SGM-151 missile launcher]] that fired heat-seeking missiles. An [[M149 Recoilless Rifle|M149 Magellan Recoilless Rifle]] was mounted on the left shoulder, which had to be manually aimed by the operator. The suit carried fifty explosive 105mm rounds for the M149, each with a five-meter blast radius.
The main strength of the suit lay in its myriad of weapon systems, each integrated directly into the infrastructure of the exoskeleton. The right arm ended in the 850-round, six-barreled [[T261 Lucifer|T261 Lucifer Arm-Mounted Gatling Gun]] which possessed an integrated targeting system.  A rather large-barreled grenade launcher was mounted on top of the gatling gun with what appeared to be the ammunition belt wrapped around the base. The right shoulder was topped with a tri-barreled [[LAU-1810/SGM-151|LAU-1810/SGM-151 missile launcher]] that fired heat-seeking missiles. An [[M149 Recoilless Rifle|M149 Magellan Recoilless Rifle]] was mounted on the left shoulder, which had to be manually aimed by the operator. The suit carried fifty explosive 105mm rounds for the M149, each with a five-meter blast radius.


The suit's left arm ended in a mechanical hand used to both operate weapons and manipulate external objects with ease. Two additional missile tubes were attached to the forearm and were packed the same type of missiles used on the shoulder-mounted cluster. Three [[Type 18 Magnetic/Bayonet-style Claymore]]s explosives were attached to each thigh, each with enough power to completely engulf a [[Type-26 Assault Gun Carriage|Wraith]] tank in the blast.
The suit's left arm ended in a mechanical hand used to both operate weapons and manipulate external objects with ease. Two additional missile tubes were attached to the forearm and were packed the same type of missiles used on the shoulder-mounted cluster. Three [[Type 18 Magnetic/Bayonet-style Claymore]]s explosives were attached to each thigh, each with enough power to completely engulf a [[Zurdo-pattern Wraith|Wraith]] tank in the blast.


HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL also featured a 300-megaton, lead-tampered nuclear fission self-destruct device which used the components of the suit's fusion reactor. Activating the self-destruct sequence would begin a staggered, codeword-activated countdown. Because such a system violates several military conventions regarding "kamikaze-style" actions, the device's purpose is still officially considered a "security" contingency. The codeword is written on the HUD for the wearer to read before activation.<ref name="waypoint"></ref>
HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I also featured a 300-megaton, lead-tampered nuclear fission self-destruct device which used the components of the suit's fusion reactor. Activating the self-destruct sequence would begin a staggered, codeword-activated countdown. Because such a system violates several military conventions regarding "kamikaze-style" actions, the device's purpose is still officially considered a "security" contingency. The codeword is written on the HUD for the wearer to read before activation.{{Ref/Reuse|waypoint}}


===Equipment===
===Equipment===
[[File:HUD - Prototype.png|thumb|The suit's [[heads-up display]].]]
The suit made use of a number of high-tech innovations to operate efficiently in combat. One of these improvements was an integrated jetpack used for powered flight. This jetpack uses a total of four stabilizers and four afterburner thrusters located on the front and back of the suit. Directional control seems to have been provided by shifts in balance by the operator. When not in use, the pack's thrusters folded into slots in the suit to protect from external damage. Another useful addition was the incorporation of the core technology behind the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]]'s reverse-engineered [[bubble shield]]s. The dynamic nature of the shield makes it automatically engage when the suit comes under fire. However, the suit lacks the constant, form-fitting energy shields used by the MJOLNIR armor systems.
The suit made use of a number of high-tech innovations to operate efficiently in combat. One of these improvements was an integrated jetpack used for powered flight. This jetpack uses a total of four stabilizers and four afterburner thrusters located on the front and back of the suit. Directional control seems to have been provided by shifts in balance by the operator. When not in use, the pack's thrusters folded into slots in the suit to protect from external damage. Another useful addition was the incorporation of the core technology behind the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]]'s reverse-engineered [[bubble shield]]s. The dynamic nature of the shield makes it automatically engage when the suit comes under fire. However, the suit lacks the constant, form-fitting energy shields used by the MJOLNIR armor systems.
==Variants==
*'''[[HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I (J) Green Machine]]''': A variant of the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I ADS.<ref name="PL">'''Halo Wars 2''': [[Phoenix Logs#Leaders|Phoenix Logs]] - Sergeant Johnson</ref>
<gallery>
File:HW2 - Mark I(J) clear.png|Mark I (J) ADS
</gallery>


==Trivia==
==Trivia==
*Hrunting is a magical sword given to [[wikipedia:Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]] in the Anglo-Saxon [[wikipedia:Beowulf|poem of the same name]]. It had never failed in battle until Beowulf's fight with a Wyrm, [[wikipedia:European dragon|a European dragon]]. [[wikipedia:Yggdrasil|Yggdrasil]] is the name of the "world tree" of Norse mythology.
{{Linkbox|gallery=yes|gallerypage=Images of Mark I ADS}}
*[[Wikipedia:Hrunting|Hrunting]] is a magical sword given to [[wikipedia:Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]] in the Anglo-Saxon [[wikipedia:Beowulf|poem of the same name]]. Beowulf tried to use it to kill Grendel's mother but it proved insuffient, forcing the hero to use another blade, forged by giants, to slay her.
*[[Wikipedia:Yggdrasil|Yggdrasil]] in Norse Mythology is the world tree, a colossal tree which connects the heavens, terrestrial world and the Underworld.
*Interestingly, the armor's motion sensor uses yellow dots to represent hostile contacts, as opposed to MJOLNIR's motion sensor, which uses red dots for hostiles and yellow for friendly forces.
*Interestingly, the armor's motion sensor uses yellow dots to represent hostile contacts, as opposed to MJOLNIR's motion sensor, which uses red dots for hostiles and yellow for friendly forces.
*The prototype armor bears some aesthetic similarities to the [[:File:Journal MK I.png|Mark one exoskeleton]] developed in 2500. It is possible that some parts of the Mark I exoskeleton were recycled for the prototype armor project.
*In ''[[Halo Mash-Up: Minecraft Evolved]]'', the Iron Golem mob is retextured to look like the prototype suit.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:HUD Prototype Suit-White.jpeg|Alternate view of the HUD of the Prototype Powered Exoskeleton.
File:Prototype Prototype Concept.png|Concept art of the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL suit for ''[[Halo Legends]]'': ''[[Prototype]]''.
File:1771884-gallery.png|Concept art of the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL suit.
File:Prototype Versatile Concept.png|Concept art of the suit's weapons systems.
File:1771885-gallery.png|Concept art of the suit's weapons systems.
File:Prototype EarlyDesign Concept.png|An early concept design of the suit.
File:HUD - Prototype.png|The suit's [[heads-up display]].
File:Prototype Suit - Prototype.png|Screenshot of the Prototype Powered Exoskeleton.
File:Prototype Suit - Prototype.png|Screenshot of the Prototype Powered Exoskeleton.
File:HE-Mark I.png|The HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I in the ''[[Midnight in the Heart of Midlothian]]'' motion comic.
File:HFOR-MarkI.png|The HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I in ''[[Halo: Fall of Reach]]''.
</gallery>
</gallery>


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*''[[Halo: Fall of Reach]]''
*''[[Halo: Fall of Reach]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Invasion|Invasion]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Invasion|Invasion]]''
*''[[Halo Wars 2]]''
==Notes==
{{Ref/Notes}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
<references/>
{{Ref/Sources}}
 
{{UNSC Vehicles}}
{{Armor}}


[[Category:Armor]]
{{Human exoskeletons}}

Latest revision as of 00:51, May 17, 2024

HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I ADS
HRUNTING YGGDRASIL.png
Production information

Manufacturer:

Materials Group

Role:

Heavy combat

Specifications

Powerplant:

Fusion reactor

Hull:

  • Titanium alloy plating
  • Nanocomposite titanium fibers

Armament:

T261 Lucifer Arm-Mounted Gatling Gun (1), LAU-1810/SGM-151 missile tubes (5),
M149 Magellan Recoiless Rifle (1),
Type 18 claymore (6),
300-megaton nuclear fission self-destruct device (1)

Crew:

1 operator

Service information

Affiliation:

United Nations Space Command

 

The HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I Prototype Armor Defense System,[1] known simultaneously as HRUNTING and YGGDRASIL,[2][3] was an experimental bipedal powered exoskeleton/armored fighting vehicle developed by the Materials Group at Weapons Research Facility T12A on Algolis. It was intended for use by the UNSC Marine Corps.[2]

Overview[edit]

Project YGGDRASIL and Project HRUNTING were both initiated by the Office of Naval Intelligence in the early to mid 26th century, under the direction of Vice Admiral Danforth Whitcomb.[2][3][Note 1] YGGDRASIL was an umbrella name for initiatives that aimed to re-engineer Project MJOLNIR technologies for use in other UNSC vehicles.[4] Meanwhile, HRUNTING was a project best known for the HRUNTING Mark III (B) Cyclops, another powered exoskeleton.[5] Decades after the creation of the Cyclops, the same Algolis-based group behind that exoskeleton would unite the advancements made by both projects to create the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL line of exoskeletons, including the prototype HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I ADS.[3][5]

Despite its effectiveness, the idea was mainly scrapped, as the user was very vulnerable and it was too complicated for use on the limited number of SPARTAN-IIs.[6]

During the Algolis Invasion, the prototype exoskeleton was ordered destroyed under the Cole Protocol. Despite this order, the Marine known as Ghost took control of the exoskeleton to use it to buy escaping Marines and civilians time to escape for the duration of the self-destruct sequence. The exoskeleton took heavy damage, but Ghost completed his mission. Once the timer ran out, Ghost activated the self-destruct, obliterating all of the nearby Covenant forces in a nuclear explosion.[2][7] However, not all data on the Mark I ADS was lost when Algolis fell, leading to the creation of the "[J]" variant of the suit.[8]

The HRUNTING and YGGDRASIL projects would continue to develop subsequent Armor Defense Systems. This work resulted in a number of different armor systems, including the Mark II [D] Geyrion, Mark II [J] "Colossus", and Mark IX "Mantis".[9] Colonel James Ackerson was evidently involved with this program.[10]

Features[edit]

The HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL suit was powered by a nuclear fusion reactor. Unlike the MJOLNIR family of powered assault armors, the user did not need to possess physiological augmentation to wear the armor. Though the HUD was rather similar to that of the MJOLNIR, the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I's integrated weapon system and improved target assessment negated the need for a neural interface link. The suit used simple laser and radio technology for communications. Unlike the MJOLNIR, the suit did not recycle fluids. Overall, the HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I was much more expensive to manufacture than the MJOLNIR, which meant that it saw very limited production.[2][11]

Armament[edit]

The main strength of the suit lay in its myriad of weapon systems, each integrated directly into the infrastructure of the exoskeleton. The right arm ended in the 850-round, six-barreled T261 Lucifer Arm-Mounted Gatling Gun which possessed an integrated targeting system. A rather large-barreled grenade launcher was mounted on top of the gatling gun with what appeared to be the ammunition belt wrapped around the base. The right shoulder was topped with a tri-barreled LAU-1810/SGM-151 missile launcher that fired heat-seeking missiles. An M149 Magellan Recoilless Rifle was mounted on the left shoulder, which had to be manually aimed by the operator. The suit carried fifty explosive 105mm rounds for the M149, each with a five-meter blast radius.

The suit's left arm ended in a mechanical hand used to both operate weapons and manipulate external objects with ease. Two additional missile tubes were attached to the forearm and were packed the same type of missiles used on the shoulder-mounted cluster. Three Type 18 Magnetic/Bayonet-style Claymores explosives were attached to each thigh, each with enough power to completely engulf a Wraith tank in the blast.

HRUNTING/YGGDRASIL Mark I also featured a 300-megaton, lead-tampered nuclear fission self-destruct device which used the components of the suit's fusion reactor. Activating the self-destruct sequence would begin a staggered, codeword-activated countdown. Because such a system violates several military conventions regarding "kamikaze-style" actions, the device's purpose is still officially considered a "security" contingency. The codeword is written on the HUD for the wearer to read before activation.[2]

Equipment[edit]

The suit made use of a number of high-tech innovations to operate efficiently in combat. One of these improvements was an integrated jetpack used for powered flight. This jetpack uses a total of four stabilizers and four afterburner thrusters located on the front and back of the suit. Directional control seems to have been provided by shifts in balance by the operator. When not in use, the pack's thrusters folded into slots in the suit to protect from external damage. Another useful addition was the incorporation of the core technology behind the Office of Naval Intelligence's reverse-engineered bubble shields. The dynamic nature of the shield makes it automatically engage when the suit comes under fire. However, the suit lacks the constant, form-fitting energy shields used by the MJOLNIR armor systems.

Variants[edit]

Trivia[edit]

  • Hrunting is a magical sword given to Beowulf in the Anglo-Saxon poem of the same name. Beowulf tried to use it to kill Grendel's mother but it proved insuffient, forcing the hero to use another blade, forged by giants, to slay her.
  • Yggdrasil in Norse Mythology is the world tree, a colossal tree which connects the heavens, terrestrial world and the Underworld.
  • Interestingly, the armor's motion sensor uses yellow dots to represent hostile contacts, as opposed to MJOLNIR's motion sensor, which uses red dots for hostiles and yellow for friendly forces.
  • In Halo Mash-Up: Minecraft Evolved, the Iron Golem mob is retextured to look like the prototype suit.

Gallery[edit]

List of appearances[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Halo Waypoint's page on the armour, circa 2012, claims that the HRUNTING and YGGDRASIL projects were one and the same. However, most other sources treat them as separate, and so this page does the same.

Sources[edit]