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(Undo revision 1641962 by 108.238.190.38 (talk) While the scrap cannon’s projectiles reuse the ones from spike cannons, Enc22 say it fires “explosive round” while the Forge description says it fires “grenades”; altogether, there’s no good evidence to support this.)
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{{Status|Canon}}
{{Status|Canon}}{{Status|Featured}}
[[File:HTMCC-H3 SpikeWeaponry.png|thumb|350px|Two [[Jiralhanae Minor]]s armed with [[Paegaas Workshop Spiker]]s, a common spike weapon. One prepares to throw a [[Jovokada Workshop spike grenade]].]]
[[File:HTMCC-H3 SpikeWeaponry.png|thumb|350px|Two [[Jiralhanae Minor]]s armed with [[Paegaas Workshop Spiker]]s, a common spike weapon. One prepares to throw a [[Jovokada Workshop spike grenade]].]]
{{Quote|Those things ain't made to wound anyone—to make you use up time and resources treating casualties. They were designed to make you die screaming.|A UNSC [[E2-BAG/1/7]] serviceman on the effects of a [[Jovokada Workshop spike grenade|spike grenade]]{{Ref/Site|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=BAGBruteGrenade|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Spike Grenade|D=07|M=02|Y=2021|LocalArchive=Machines, Materiel and Munitions from the Human-Covenant Conflict, 2525 - Present/Spike grenade}}}}
{{Quote|Those things ain't made to wound anyone—to make you use up time and resources treating casualties. They were designed to make you die screaming.|A UNSC [[E2-BAG/1/7]] serviceman on the effects of a [[Jovokada Workshop spike grenade|spike grenade]]{{Ref/Site|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=BAGBruteGrenade|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Spike Grenade|D=07|M=02|Y=2021|LocalArchive=Machines, Materiel and Munitions from the Human-Covenant Conflict, 2525 - Present/Spike grenade}}}}
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==History==
==History==
Spike weapons—or at the very least, the ubiquitous [[Paegaas Workshop Spiker|spike rifle]]—originated from the Jiralhanae conflicts on [[Doisac]] prior to the species' induction to the [[Covenant]].{{Ref/Book|EVG|Page=186}} Precursors to spike weapons, like the heavy speargun, were also used by Jiralhanae in big-game hunting.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p476}} After the Jiralhanae joined the Covenant, most of the Jiralhanae-designed weapons—including spike weapons—were still manufactured by clan workshops on Doisac, albeit under the supervision of Covenant missionaries.{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22p295|Enc22|Page=295}} Regardless, spike weapons were not commonly encountered in combat, with many Jiralhanae shock troops deferring to the [[San'Shyuum]]'s guidance and adopting [[directed-energy weapon]]s.{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22p476|Enc22|Page=476}} However, in the months leading up to the [[Great Schism]] in [[2552]], the [[Prophet of Truth]] ordered the [[Sacred Promissory]] on ''[[High Charity]]'' to secretly expand its scope to the production of all Jiralhanae matériel, including many spike weapons, for the impending purge of the [[Sangheili]].{{Ref/Book|EVG|Page=128}} Spike weaponry then became a common sight in the final battles of the [[Human-Covenant War]].{{Ref/Level|H3|[[The Covenant (level)|The Covenant]]}} Following the Great Schism and the dissolution of the Covenant, in the absence of the San'Shyuum, the Jiralhanae returned to their primitive, savage nature; Jiralhanae-designed spike weapons, such as the [[Ukala Workshop Mangler]], returned to widespread circulation, especially within the [[Banished]].{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p476}}
Spike weapons—or at the very least, the ubiquitous [[Paegaas Workshop Spiker|spike rifle]]—originated from the Jiralhanae conflicts on [[Doisac]] prior to the species' induction to the [[Covenant]].{{Ref/Book|EVG|Page=186}} Precursors to spike weapons, like the heavy speargun, were also used by Jiralhanae in big-game hunting.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p476}} After the Jiralhanae joined the Covenant, most of the Jiralhanae-designed weapons—including spike weapons—were still manufactured by clan workshops on Doisac, albeit under the supervision of Covenant missionaries.{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22p295|Enc22|Page=295}} Regardless, spike weapons were not commonly encountered in combat, with many Jiralhanae shock troops deferring to the [[San'Shyuum]]'s guidance and adopting [[directed-energy weapon]]s.{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22p476|Enc22|Page=476}} However, in the months leading up to the [[Great Schism]] in [[2552]], the [[Prophet of Truth]] ordered the [[Sacred Promissory]] on ''[[High Charity]]'' to secretly expand its scope to the production of all Jiralhanae matériel, including many spike weapons, for the impending purge of the [[Sangheili]].{{Ref/Book|EVG|Page=128}} Spike weaponry then became a common sight in the final battles of the [[Human-Covenant War]].{{Ref/Level|H3|[[The Covenant (level)|The Covenant]]}} Following the Great Schism and the dissolution of the Covenant, in the absence of the San'Shyuum, the Jiralhanae returned to their primitive, savage nature;{{Ref/Anthology|HE|The Return}} Jiralhanae-designed spike weapons, such as the [[Ukala Workshop Mangler]], returned to widespread circulation, especially within the [[Banished]].{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p476}}


==Operation==
==Operation==
[[File:Scottlee.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[UNSC]] [[UNSC Marine Corps|marine]] takes aim with his [[BR55HB battle rifle|battle rifle]] while impaled by a spiker's projectile and pinned to a wall during the [[Battle of Sector Six|Battle]] of [[Sector Six]].]]
[[File:Scottlee.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[UNSC]] [[UNSC Marine Corps|marine]] takes aim with his [[BR55HB battle rifle|battle rifle]] while impaled by a spiker's projectile and pinned to a wall during the [[Battle of Sector Six|Battle]] of [[Sector Six]].]]
Spike weapons fire eponymous spike projectiles at enemies; the spike rifle—the most common spike weapon—fires long, sharp projectiles made of superheated tungsten alloy,{{Ref/Site|Id=waypoint|URL=http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/intel/related/gallery/spike-rifle/bb559bc8-65c5-4572-8ffd-f7c05680380c|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Spike Rifle|D=29|M=09|Y=2011|LocalArchive=Archive:Halo Waypoint/2009 to 2014/Universe/Weapons#Spike Rifle}}{{Ref/Note|Id=metal|On the Halo Waypoint article for the Spiker, the blades are noted as being created from the same metal as that of the weapon's ammunition, making both made of tungsten alloy.}} which are coated in a pyrophoric compound unique to Doisac. When fired and exposed to atmospheric oxygen, the coating burns with a white-hot intensity, rendering the spikes superheated and semi-molten. The spikes thus glow with a yellow-white light for a short time after impact, before they cool.{{Ref/Book|Id=OSFM190|OSFM|Page=190}} The spike rifle uses a [[gravitic accelerator]] to launch the spike at targets;{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p295}} it is likely other spike weaponry employ a similar mechanism.
Spike weapons fire eponymous spike projectiles at enemies; the spike rifle—the most common spike weapon—fires long, sharp projectiles made of superheated tungsten alloy,{{Ref/Site|Id=waypoint|URL=http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/intel/related/gallery/spike-rifle/bb559bc8-65c5-4572-8ffd-f7c05680380c|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Spike Rifle|D=29|M=09|Y=2011|LocalArchive=Archive:Halo Waypoint/2009 to 2014/Universe/Weapons#Spike Rifle}}{{Ref/Note|Id=metal|On the Halo Waypoint article for the Spiker, the blades are noted as being created from the same metal as that of the weapon's ammunition, making both made of tungsten alloy.}} which are coated in a pyrophoric compound unique to Doisac. When fired and exposed to atmospheric oxygen, the coating burns with a white-hot intensity, rendering the spikes superheated and semi-molten. The spikes thus glow with a yellow-white light for a short time after impact, before they cool.{{Ref/Book|Id=OSFM190|OSFM|Page=190}} Although the two share some superficial similarities, the spikes do not detonate like the [[Subanese crystal]]s employed in [[needle-based weaponry]]; instead, they could remain at the point of impact for hours.{{Ref/Level|H3ODST|Mombasa Streets|Detail=Spike projectiles can be found lodged into various walls and surfaces.}}


In contrast, the varied roles and applications of spike weapons also likely determine the property of spike projectiles they fire: smaller armor-piercing spike projectiles fired from spike rifles can easily penetrate flesh and bones, even pinning a target to an object behind them,{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p295}}{{Ref/Film|HLa|Episode=HLOS}} whereas their larger counterparts, like those fired from the [[Flaktura Workshop Skewer|skewer]], can perforate a vehicle's battle plates or even a [[Spartan]]'s [[MJOLNIR Powered Assault Armor|armor]] with relative ease.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p476}} Furthermore, larger spike projectiles tend to possess explosive properties: the [[35mm autocannon|spike cannon]]—mounted on [[Chopper]]s—and the infantry-portable [[Volatile Skewer]] fire spike projectiles that detonate upon impact.{{Ref/Game|H3|gameplay}}{{Ref/Game|HI|gameplay}} Spike cannons are also equipped on aircraft such as the [[Dovotaa Workshop Griever]] and [[Qavardu Workshop Gravemaker]].{{Ref/Book|Enc22|Page=473}}
The spike rifle uses a [[gravitic accelerator]] to launch the spike at targets;{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p295}} it is likely other spike weaponry employ a similar mechanism. In contrast, the varied roles and applications of spike weapons also likely determine the property of spike projectiles they fire: smaller armor-piercing spike projectiles fired from spike rifles can easily penetrate flesh and bones, even pinning a target to an object behind them,{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p295}}{{Ref/Film|HLa|Episode=Halo: Last One Standing}} whereas their larger counterparts, like those fired from the [[Flaktura Workshop Skewer|skewer]], can perforate a vehicle's battle plates or even a [[Spartan]]'s [[MJOLNIR Powered Assault Armor|armor]] with relative ease.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p476}} Furthermore, larger spike projectiles tend to possess explosive properties: the [[Spike cannon#Usage|shrapnel cannon]]—mounted on [[Chopper]]s—and the infantry-portable [[Volatile Skewer]] can fire spike projectiles that detonate upon impact.{{Ref/Game|HW2|Banished outpost|Detail=Chopper upgrade - Shrapnel Rounds|Quote=Unit Upgrade, Adds explosive rounds, Detects Cloaked units.}}{{Ref/Game|HI|gameplay}} [[Spike cannon]]s are also equipped on aircraft such as the [[Dovotaa Workshop Griever]] and [[Qavardu Workshop Gravemaker]].{{Ref/Book|Enc22|Page=473}}


While nearly all spike weapons fire single-use spike projectiles, exceptions have been found within the [[Banished]]. The [[Eklon'Dal Workshop Spirit#Spirit gunship|gunship variant of the Eklon'Dal Workshop Spirit]] uniquely employs a spike harpoon that allows the gunship to rapidly close its distance to a target.{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22p475|Enc22|Page=475}} The Banished has also incorporated spikes, rather than blades, at the fore of their vehicles, including the [[Ironclad Wraith]] and [[Terror Wraith]], for the purpose of increased ramming damage or repelling enemies.{{Ref/Book|Enc22|Page=469}}
While nearly all spike weapons fire single-use spike projectiles, there are exceptions. The [[Jovokada Workshop spike grenade]] is a shrapnel explosive that sends a cluster of super-heated spikes flying at a perpendicular trajectory to the surface the grenade has stuck to.{{Ref/Book|EVG|Page=185}} The [[Banished]]'s [[Eklon'Dal Workshop Spirit#Spirit gunship|gunship variant of the Eklon'Dal Workshop Spirit]] uniquely employs a spike harpoon that allows the gunship to rapidly close its distance to a target.{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22p475|Enc22|Page=475}} The Banished has also incorporated spikes, rather than blades, at the fore of their vehicles, including the [[Ironclad Wraith]] and [[Terror Wraith]], for the purpose of increased ramming damage or repelling enemies.{{Ref/Book|Enc22|Page=469}} If a [[Dovotaa Workshop Reaver|Reaver]] fires its [[Thrasher missile]]s without locking on to a specific target, like for suppression purposes, it may also fire [[Wikipedia:Tracer ammunition|tracer]] spikes.{{Ref/Novel|SoR|Chapter=14|Quote=The Reavers immediately began to spray suppression fire into the air, filling the brightening sky with missile trails and tracer spikes.}}


==List of spike weapons==
==List of spike weapons==
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===Explosives===
===Explosives===
*[[Jovokada Workshop spike grenade]]
*[[Jovokada Workshop spike grenade]]
*[[Jumpmine]]
*[[Shrapnel mine]]


===Mounted weapons===
===Mounted weapons===
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*Spike harpoon{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p475}}
*Spike harpoon{{Ref/Reuse|enc22p475}}
*[[Spike turret]]
*[[Spike turret]]
==Production notes==
The so-called "[[Cut Halo 3 weapons#Spike Pepperbox|Spike Pepperbox]]" was a spike weapon created early in the [[Development of Halo 3|production]] of ''[[Halo 3]]'' as part of early ideation on the Spiker. It fires slower than the spiker, more akin to a fast-firing pistol or a machine gun than the Spiker's extremely high rate-of-fire.{{Ref/Site|Id=DeepDive|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/digsite-deep-dive|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Digsite Deep-Dive|D=20|M=06|Y=2023}}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Landfall Spike Grenade.png|A marine takes cover from a spike grenade stuck to a wall in ''[[Halo: Last One Standing]]''.
File:HTMCC-H3 BruteMinors&Spikers 2.png|Jiralhanae Minors firing their spike rifles in ''[[Halo 3]]''.
File:HTMCC-H3 BruteMinors&Spikers 2.png|Jiralhanae Minors firing their spike rifles in ''[[Halo 3]]''.
File:H3 SpikePepperbox Screenshot.jpg|''Halo 3''{{'}}s cut "Spike Pepperbox".
File:H3 Spiker shot mid-flight.jpg|A Spiker's spike projectile mid-flight in ''Halo 3''.
File:H3 Spiker shot mid-flight.jpg|A Spiker's spike projectile mid-flight in ''Halo 3''.
File:H3 Spiked Unggoy.jpg|An [[Unggoy Minor]] impaled by numerous spike projectiles in ''Halo 3''.
File:H3 Spiked Unggoy.jpg|An [[Unggoy Minor]] impaled by numerous spike projectiles in ''Halo 3''.
File:HTMCC-H3 ChopperAutocannon 1.png|A [[Barukaza Workshop Chopper]] firing its spike cannon in ''Halo 3''.
File:HTMCC-HR BruteCaptain&Spiker.png|A Jiralhanae Captain firing a spike rifle in ''[[Halo: Reach]]''.
File:HTMCC-HR BruteCaptain&Spiker.png|A Jiralhanae Captain firing a spike rifle in ''[[Halo: Reach]]''.
File:HTMCC-HR Spike Closeup.png|A Spiker's spike projectile mid-flight in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:HTMCC-HR Spike Closeup.png|A Spiker's spike projectile mid-flight in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:HW2-SpikedInfectionform.jpg|A [[Flood]] [[pod infector]] pinned by a spike projectile in ''[[Halo Wars 2]]''.
File:HW2-SpikedInfectionform.jpg|A [[Flood]] [[pod infector]] pinned by a spike projectile in ''[[Halo Wars 2]]''.
HW2_ChopperSpikeCannon.png|A [[Barug'qel Workshop Chopper]] firing its spike cannons in ''Halo Wars 2''.
File:HW2 ChopperShrapnelCannon.png|A Barug'qel Workshop Chopper firing its shrapnel cannons in ''Halo Wars 2''.
File:HINF RivenMangler 2.png|Spike projectiles being loaded into a Riven Mangler in ''[[Halo Infinite]]''.
File:HINF RivenMangler 2.png|Spike projectiles being loaded into a Riven Mangler in ''[[Halo Infinite]]''.
File:HINF Mangler Projectile.png|A Mangler's spike projectile mid-flight in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF Mangler Projectile.png|A Mangler's spike projectile mid-flight in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF Skewer Reload.png|A Spartan reloading a Skewer's spike projectile in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF Skewer Reload.png|A Spartan reloading a Skewer's spike projectile in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF Skewer Projectile.png|A Skewer's armor-piercing spike munition mid-flight in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF Skewer Projectile.png|A Skewer's armor-piercing spike munition mid-flight in ''Halo Infinite''.
HINF SpikeWeaponry.png|A Jiralhanae prepares to throw a spike grenade in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF SpikeGrenade 4.png|Spikes from a spike grenade's explosion deflecting from a wall in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF SpikeGrenade 4.png|Spikes from a spike grenade's explosion deflecting from a wall in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF Chopper Cannon 2.png|A [[Bolroci Workshop Chopper]] firing its spike cannon in ''Halo Infinite''.
File:HINF CatulusChopper Cannon 2.png|A [[Catulus Chopper]] firing its spike cannon in ''Halo Infinite''.
</gallery>
</gallery>



Latest revision as of 09:16, August 17, 2024

Two Jiralhanae Minors wielding Paegaas Workshop Spikers, with one preparing to throw a Jovokada Workshop spike grenade, in Crow's Nest during the Battle of Kenya. From Halo 3 campaign level Crow's Nest.
Two Jiralhanae Minors armed with Paegaas Workshop Spikers, a common spike weapon. One prepares to throw a Jovokada Workshop spike grenade.

"Those things ain't made to wound anyone—to make you use up time and resources treating casualties. They were designed to make you die screaming."
— A UNSC E2-BAG/1/7 serviceman on the effects of a spike grenade[1]

Spike weaponry refers to projectile weapons of Jiralhanae origin that fire spike projectiles.

History[edit]

Spike weapons—or at the very least, the ubiquitous spike rifle—originated from the Jiralhanae conflicts on Doisac prior to the species' induction to the Covenant.[2] Precursors to spike weapons, like the heavy speargun, were also used by Jiralhanae in big-game hunting.[3] After the Jiralhanae joined the Covenant, most of the Jiralhanae-designed weapons—including spike weapons—were still manufactured by clan workshops on Doisac, albeit under the supervision of Covenant missionaries.[4] Regardless, spike weapons were not commonly encountered in combat, with many Jiralhanae shock troops deferring to the San'Shyuum's guidance and adopting directed-energy weapons.[3] However, in the months leading up to the Great Schism in 2552, the Prophet of Truth ordered the Sacred Promissory on High Charity to secretly expand its scope to the production of all Jiralhanae matériel, including many spike weapons, for the impending purge of the Sangheili.[5] Spike weaponry then became a common sight in the final battles of the Human-Covenant War.[6] Following the Great Schism and the dissolution of the Covenant, in the absence of the San'Shyuum, the Jiralhanae returned to their primitive, savage nature;[7] Jiralhanae-designed spike weapons, such as the Ukala Workshop Mangler, returned to widespread circulation, especially within the Banished.[3]

Operation[edit]

Scottlee's arm impaled by spike rounds during the Battle of Sector Six.
A UNSC marine takes aim with his battle rifle while impaled by a spiker's projectile and pinned to a wall during the Battle of Sector Six.

Spike weapons fire eponymous spike projectiles at enemies; the spike rifle—the most common spike weapon—fires long, sharp projectiles made of superheated tungsten alloy,[8][Note 1] which are coated in a pyrophoric compound unique to Doisac. When fired and exposed to atmospheric oxygen, the coating burns with a white-hot intensity, rendering the spikes superheated and semi-molten. The spikes thus glow with a yellow-white light for a short time after impact, before they cool.[9] Although the two share some superficial similarities, the spikes do not detonate like the Subanese crystals employed in needle-based weaponry; instead, they could remain at the point of impact for hours.[10]

The spike rifle uses a gravitic accelerator to launch the spike at targets;[4] it is likely other spike weaponry employ a similar mechanism. In contrast, the varied roles and applications of spike weapons also likely determine the property of spike projectiles they fire: smaller armor-piercing spike projectiles fired from spike rifles can easily penetrate flesh and bones, even pinning a target to an object behind them,[4][11] whereas their larger counterparts, like those fired from the skewer, can perforate a vehicle's battle plates or even a Spartan's armor with relative ease.[3] Furthermore, larger spike projectiles tend to possess explosive properties: the shrapnel cannon—mounted on Choppers—and the infantry-portable Volatile Skewer can fire spike projectiles that detonate upon impact.[12][13] Spike cannons are also equipped on aircraft such as the Dovotaa Workshop Griever and Qavardu Workshop Gravemaker.[14]

While nearly all spike weapons fire single-use spike projectiles, there are exceptions. The Jovokada Workshop spike grenade is a shrapnel explosive that sends a cluster of super-heated spikes flying at a perpendicular trajectory to the surface the grenade has stuck to.[15] The Banished's gunship variant of the Eklon'Dal Workshop Spirit uniquely employs a spike harpoon that allows the gunship to rapidly close its distance to a target.[16] The Banished has also incorporated spikes, rather than blades, at the fore of their vehicles, including the Ironclad Wraith and Terror Wraith, for the purpose of increased ramming damage or repelling enemies.[17] If a Reaver fires its Thrasher missiles without locking on to a specific target, like for suppression purposes, it may also fire tracer spikes.[18]

List of spike weapons[edit]

Handheld weapons[edit]

Explosives[edit]

Mounted weapons[edit]

Production notes[edit]

The so-called "Spike Pepperbox" was a spike weapon created early in the production of Halo 3 as part of early ideation on the Spiker. It fires slower than the spiker, more akin to a fast-firing pistol or a machine gun than the Spiker's extremely high rate-of-fire.[23]

Gallery[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ On the Halo Waypoint article for the Spiker, the blades are noted as being created from the same metal as that of the weapon's ammunition, making both made of tungsten alloy.

Sources[edit]

  1. ^ Bungie.net, Spike Grenade (Retrieved on Feb 7, 2021) [local archive] [external archive]
  2. ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 186
  3. ^ a b c d Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 476
  4. ^ a b c Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 295
  5. ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 128
  6. ^ Halo 3, campaign level The Covenant
  7. ^ Halo: Evolutions - The Return
  8. ^ Halo Waypoint, Spike Rifle (Retrieved on Sep 29, 2011) [local archive] [external archive]
  9. ^ Halo: Official Spartan Field Manual, page 190
  10. ^ Halo 3: ODST, campaign level Mombasa Streets: Spike projectiles can be found lodged into various walls and surfaces.
  11. ^ Halo: Landfall, episode Halo: Last One Standing
  12. ^ Halo Wars 2, Banished outpost: Chopper upgrade - Shrapnel Rounds "Unit Upgrade, Adds explosive rounds, Detects Cloaked units."
  13. ^ Halo Infinite, gameplay
  14. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 473
  15. ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 185
  16. ^ a b Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 475
  17. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 469
  18. ^ Halo: Shadows of Reach, chapter 14: "The Reavers immediately began to spray suppression fire into the air, filling the brightening sky with missile trails and tracer spikes."
  19. ^ Halo Wars 2, Phoenix Logs: Reaver
  20. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 466
  21. ^ Halo Wars 2, Phoenix Logs: Chopper
  22. ^ a b Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 465
  23. ^ Halo Waypoint, Digsite Deep-Dive (Retrieved on Jun 20, 2023) [archive]