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{{Era|HCW}}
{{Status|Canon}}
{{Ratings}}
{{Weapon infobox
{{Weapon
|name = W/AV M6 G/GNR "Spartan Laser"
|image=[[File:Halo Reach - Model 8 SP Laser.png|300px]]
|image = {{tabcontainer|title1=M6/E|content1=[[File:H5G-M6SpartanLaser.png|350px]]|title2=M6/R|content2=[[File:H3-M6SpartanLaser.png|350px]]|title3=M6/V|content3=[[File:HReach-M6SpartanLaser.png|350px]]|title4=M6/X|content4=[[File:H4-SpartanLaser.png|350px]]}}
|name=M6 G/GNR
|manufacturer = [[Misriah Armory]]{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22|Enc22|Page=179}}
|manufacturer= Misriah Armory
|series = M6
|model=Model 6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Rifle
|type = [[Directed-energy weapon]]{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
|type=[[Directed energy weapon]]
|cost = 218,000 [[Credit|cR]]{{Ref/Site|Id=prereleasebnet|URL=http://www.bungie.net/News/TopStory.aspx?link=charginmalasers|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Spartan Laser|D=2|M=2|Y=2007|LocalArchive=Machines, Materiel and Munitions from the Human-Covenant Conflict, 2525 - Present#Weapon/Anti-Vehicle Model 6 Grindell/Galileian Nonlinear Rifle}}{{Ref/Site|Id=bnet|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=BAGSpartanLaser|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Spartan Laser|D=11|M=9|Y=2013|LocalArchive=Machines, Materiel and Munitions from the Human-Covenant Conflict, 2525 - Present#Weapon/Anti-Vehicle Model 6 Grindell/Galileian Nonlinear Rifle}}
|cost=[[cR|218,000.00 cR]]
|variant =
|size=*Length (o/a): 98.7cm (38.8'').
* [[M6/E Spartan Laser]]
*Mass (empty): 19.07kg (42lb)
* [[M6/R Spartan Laser]]
*Mass (loaded): 20.4kg (45lb)
* [[M6/V Spartan Laser]]
|damage= Very high
* [[M6/X Spartan Laser]]
|magazine= 100 battery units
*[[M6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Cannon]]
|maxammo= Five shots (Halo 3 and ''Halo 3: ODST'')<br/>Four shots (''Halo: Reach'')
*[[M8C Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Cannon]]
|fire= Charged, single shot
|service =
|ammotype= Battery cells
*[[Human-Covenant War]]{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
|operation= Directed energy
*[[Post-Covenant War conflicts]]{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
|rate of fire= Very slow, five-second minimum between shots
|affiliation = [[United Nations Space Command]]{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
|velocity=C, 299,792,458 meters/second
|weight =  
|accuracy=Pinpoint
*'''Empty''': {{Convert|19.07|kg|lb}}{{Ref/Reuse|bnet}}<br/>
|range=Long
*'''Loaded''': {{Convert|20.4|kg|lb}}{{Ref/Reuse|bnet}}
|era=
|length = {{Convert|98.8|cm|in}}{{Ref/Reuse|bnet}} - {{Convert|121.1|cm|in}}{{Ref/Book|Id=evg|EVG|Page=183}}
|counterwep=[[Type-52 Guided Munitions Launcher/Explosive|Plasma launcher]], [[Type-33 Light Anti-Armor Weapon|Fuel rod gun]], [[M41 SSR MAV/AW Rocket Launcher|Rocket launcher]], [[Sniper Rifle System 99D-S2 Anti-Matériel|Sniper rifle]]
|width = {{Convert|7.7|in|cm}} {{C|M6/X}}{{Ref/Book|Id=h4evg|H4EVG|Page=69}}
|affiliation=[[United Nations Space Command]]
|height = {{Convert|15.4|in|cm}} {{C|M6/X}}{{Ref/Reuse|h4evg}}
|ammotype = *[[BA-53635/PLMD]] battery unit {{C|M6/R}}{{Ref/Reuse|prereleasebnet}}
*[[Series 6971 battery cell]] {{C|M6/X}}{{Ref/Reuse|h4evg}}
|capacity =
|feed = 100 battery units (4 to 5 shots){{Ref/Site|Id=waypoint|D=01|M=6|Y=2020|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/weapons/spartan-laser|Site=Halo Waypoint|Section=Universe|Page=Spartan Laser}}
|operation = [[Directed-energy weapon|Directed-energy]]{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
|rate = Semi-automatic{{Ref/Reuse|evg}}
|velocity = 299,792,458 m/s (983,571,056 ft/s){{Ref/Reuse|evg}}
|optics =
|range = Long{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
}}
}}
The '''Weapon/Anti-Vehicle Model 6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Rifle''' ('''W/AV M6 G/GNR'''), colloquially known as the '''Spartan Laser''', is a man-portable and vehicle-mounted solid-state [[directed-energy weapon|directed-energy]] anti-vehicle weapon used by the [[United Nations Space Command]].{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}{{Ref/Book|Id=enc09|Enc09|Page=315}} It is the only known infantry directed-energy weapon manufactured by [[human]]s, aside from the [[Plasma rifle (Chalybs)|plasma rifle protoype]] created by [[Chalybs Defense Solutions]].


{{Quote|It's not overpowered, it's an elegant weapon from a more civilized age.|[[Luke Smith]]}}
==Overview==
===Design details===
The M6 G/GNR was originally created in concert with the [[GUNGNIR]] [[Mjolnir]] armor variant as part of [[Project GUNGNIR]], a program designed to provide supplementary matériel for the [[SPARTAN-II program]], hence the "Spartan Laser" moniker.{{Ref/Site|D=14|M=03|Y=2011|URL=http://halo.xbox.com/en-us/intel/theuniverse/tech/video/the-mjolnir-project-2/46e89c1a-f619-41e2-ad7f-ab65c61ca2df|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=MJOLNIR 2|LocalArchive=The MJOLNIR Project}} The M6 G/GNR is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, directed energy weapon firing a [[wikipedia:Solid-state laser|solid-state laser]].{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}} The Spartan Laser's Grindell/Galilean architecture incorporates a [[Smart-linking|smart-linked]] [[Wyrd optics suite|Wyrd III optics suite]], capable of 3× magnification for increased accuracy.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}{{Ref/Reuse|prereleasebnet}} Its reticule, whether on 1× or 3× magnifications, features a meter on the right side showing the charging status of the laser. The tick mark rests at the bottom of the circular shaped reticule while the laser is dormant, and gradually travels along the reticule's circumference until it reaches the point of origin, indicating that the laser is currently discharging.{{Ref/Game|H3|Gameplay}} Certain variants of the M6, the M6/V and the M6/X, are equipped with foldable targeting displays, allowing operators to target enemies without the use of smart-linking on their [[heads-up display]].{{Ref/Game|HR|Gameplay}}{{Ref/Reuse|h4evg}}


The '''Weapon/Anti-Vehicle Model 6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Rifle'''<ref>http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=BAGSpartanLaser</ref><ref>'''[[Halo Encyclopedia]]''', ''page 315''</ref> (abbreviated '''M6 G/GNR'''), also known as the '''Spartan Laser''', is a man-portable [[directed energy weapon|directed energy]] anti-vehicle weapon used by the [[United Nations Space Command]].
===Development history===
The M6 has gone through several iterations, but its changes have been mostly cosmetic.{{Ref/Reuse|evg}} For example, the M6/R variant used during the [[Human-Covenant War]] is powered by a [[BA-53635/PLMD]] non-removable battery, which recharges with a [[PP-16979/AM-Sh]] charger,{{Ref/Reuse|prereleasebnet}} whereas the M6/X variant is powered by [[Series 6971 battery cell]]s,{{Ref/Reuse|h4evg}} with little-to-no changes in performance.{{Ref/Game|H4|Gameplay}} Although the Spartan Laser was considered to be "ruinously expensive" at the time of its introduction, later refinements led to a reduction in production cost which is now only considered to be "extraordinarily expensive". Internal components have changed over time, incorporating incremental advances that have lowered production costs, and increased efficiency, but the significant advances in crystal doping and optoelectronic focusing remain largely opaque to end users.{{Ref/Reuse|waypoint}}


It is the only known battery-powered UNSC weapon, and is the most powerful infantry weapon fielded by UNSC forces. It is capable of penetrating multiple targets, including tanks, unlike the sniper rifle, which can only penetrate infantry. It is alternatively known as the ''Galilean'', or, in player lexicon, the "Splaser".
===Operation===
When the weapon is equipped, a shroud over the laser diode lifts up to expose it, presumably to protect it from scratches and battle damage when holstered.{{Ref/Note|In gameplay, the weapon is shown with the shroud up when it is on a person's back. This is likely due to reuse of the third-person viewmodel of the laser, which does not have the shroud covering the laser emitter.}} A small hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder on the left side of the shroud actuates the shroud where it is anchored to the chassis of the weapon. When the trigger is pulled, a red targeting laser is painted on-target accompanied by an audible whine as the weapon cycles up. The Spartan Laser will then charge for approximately three seconds before discharging the main laser. As the Spartan Laser charges, the charging tone gets noticeably louder and increases in pitch up until the laser is fired. The firing sequence can be aborted without discharging the battery as long as the weapon is not actually fired; for example, if the target moves out of sight or the operator needs to displace. Heat management forces significant downtime between shots, and so the weapon enters an approximately two-second-long standby sequence between shots.


==Background==
[[File:The Covenant SL.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[John-117]] firing an M6/R during the [[Battle of Installation 00]].]]
[[File:Spartanlaser.png|thumb|left|The Spartan Laser's blueprint from ''Halo Reach'']]
When fired, the Spartan Laser emits a solid-state laser, a powerful microsecond-long pulse of energy capable of burning through thick plates of metallic laminates, nanocomposites, or hardened steel.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}} The beam can also penetrate multiple obstacles and/or targets, provided they are aligned along a linear trajectory. The beam emitted by the M6 Spartan Laser weapons is typically a bright red. The beam is capable of eliminating all manner of targets in a very large range. When used against infantry such as [[Jiralhanae Chieftain]]s, the lasers is capable of efficiently burning through the armor and leaving a clean hole through the target and also severely damage anything behind the initial target. A single discharge from the M6/R is capable of piercing the thick armor of a {{Pattern|Ru'swum|Phantom}}.{{Ref/Reuse|prereleasebnet}}
The M6 G/GNR was developed as part of [[Project GUNGNIR]], a program designed to provide supplementary matériel for the [[SPARTAN Program]], hence the "SPARTAN Laser" moniker.<ref>[http://halo.xbox.com/en-us#/intel/featured/video/the-mjolnir-project-2/46e89c1a-f619-41e2-ad7f-ab65c61ca2df '''Halo Waypoint:''' ''MJOLNIR 2'']</ref><ref>'''[[Halo: Reach]]''', GUNGNIR Armory description''</ref> The M6 G/GNR is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, directed energy weapon used by the UNSC. When the trigger is pulled, a red targeting laser is painted on-target accompanied by an audible whine as the weapon cycles up. The Spartan Laser will then charge for approximately three seconds before discharging the main laser. As the Spartan Laser charges, the charging tone gets noticeably louder and increases in pitch up until the laser is fired. The firing sequence can be aborted without discharging the battery as long as the weapon is not actually fired; for example, if the target moves out of sight or the operator needs to displace. The laser is capable of penetrating several enemies or vehicles, and has a small blast radius, injuring targets within two meters of the point of impact and toppling light vehicles. It enters an approxiamtely two-second-long standby sequence between shots while it cools.<ref>[http://halo3.com halo3.com]</ref>


The Spartan Laser is the most expensive small arm known to be produced by the UNSC. It costs 218,000.00 [[Credit|cR]], more than the cost of four fully armed Warthogs, 134 MA5B assault rifles, or over 7,266 M9 fragmentation grenades. Also, the spartan laser and the machine gun turret(in halo reach) are the only UNSC weapons that are known to overheat.
===Usage===
While there are multiple M6 variants to facilitate various specialized roles,{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}} the M6 is typically used in both anti-vehicle and anti-personnel roles.{{Ref/Reuse|prereleasebnet}} When employed in combat, the Spartan Laser had a marked effect on both allied and enemy morale.{{Ref/Reuse|prereleasebnet}} During the [[Human-Covenant War]], only [[Orbital Drop Shock Trooper]]s and Spartans were given ready access to the weapon.{{Ref/Reuse|waypoint}} Aircraft, such as the [[AV-22 Sparrowhawk]],{{Ref/Reuse|localunits}} the [[G79H-TC Pelican]],{{Ref/Reuse|H4EVG113}} and the [[S-930 Pegasus]],{{Ref/Reuse|digsite}} are equipped with armaments that use the same technology.


==Operation==
==Variants==
====Targeting====
There are four known variants of the M6 Spartan Lasers:
When the weapon is equipped, a shroud over the emitting lens of the laser lifts up to expose it, presumably to protect it from scratches and battle damage when holstered, although the weapon is shown with the shroud up when it is on a person's back. The shroud can be seen releasing from its protective state when the weapon is drawn in first person view. A small hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder on the left side of the shroud actuates the shroud where it is anchored to the chassis of the weapon. When the trigger is pulled, a harmless red laser sight is projected on the target and a unique targeting tone is emitted which slowly becomes louder. The Spartan Laser will then charge for about three seconds<ref name="1up">http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3155479</ref> before firing a red laser beam that usually destroys the target. In the ''Halo 3'' beta, if the reticule was moved while firing, a scattering of beams would be released, spreading over the targeted area. For the few frames while the laser is fired, the right targeting stick is disabled. The beam can be strafed, however, over a larger area if the player is moving while the laser is firing.
* '''[[M6/E Spartan Laser]]''': The M6/E ("Enhanced") variant is upgraded to combat heavy armor,{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}} and functions primarily as an anti-tank ordnance.{{Ref/Site|Id=lockeandloaded|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/community/blog-posts/canon-fodder-locke-load|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Cannon Fodder: Locke & Load|D=13|M=4|Y=2016}} Its parts were miniaturized components derived from the [[M6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Cannon]] mounted on [[AV-22 Sparrowhawk]]s.{{Ref/Site|Id=localunits|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/canon-fodder-local-units|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Cannon Fodder: Local Units|D=31|M=3|Y=2017}}
** '''[[Endgame]]''': ''Endgame'' is an improved model of the M6/E variant with a doubled battery capacity and reduced charge time. It has the downside of having less strength than its normal counterpart.
** '''[[Selene's Lance]]''': ''Selene's Lance'' is an advanced variant of the M6/E variant has a faster charge time and a longer beam duration, with 50% additional battery capacity compared to its normal counterpart.
* '''[[M6/R Spartan Laser]]''': The M6/R variant is specialized in reconnaissance deployments and scouting maneuvers.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
* '''[[M6/V Spartan Laser]]''': The M6/V variant is designed with a larger focus on operator safety via a versatile focus canopy.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
* '''[[M6/X Spartan Laser]]''': The M6/X variant is powered by [[Series 6971 battery cell]]s and featured an experimental alternating power distributor.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}


The Spartan Laser is equipped with a smart-linked [[Wyrd III|Wyrd III optics suite]] for increased accuracy and is capable of 3x magnification. Its reticule, whether on 1x or 3x magnifications, features a meter on the right side showing the charging status of the laser. The tick mark rests at the bottom of the circular shaped reticule while the laser is dormant, and gradually travels along the reticule's circumference until it reaches the point of origin, indicating that the laser is currently discharging.
<gallery class=center>
File:H5G-M6SpartanLaser.png|The [[M6/E Spartan Laser]].
File:H3-M6SpartanLaser.png|The [[M6/R Spartan Laser]]
File:HReach-M6SpartanLaser.png|The [[M6/V Spartan Laser]].
File:H4-SpartanLaser.png|The [[M6/X Spartan Laser]].
</gallery>


====Laser beam====
In addition, related technology has been observed on vehicle armaments:
[[File:Spartan laser many beams.jpg|The Laser beam is devastating to infantry at any range.|thumb|300px|right]]
* '''[[M6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Cannon|W/AV M6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Cannon]]''': An upgraded variant mounted on the chin of [[AV-22 Sparrowhawk|AV-22]] and [[AV-22B Sparrowhawk]]s.{{Ref/Game|Id=HWLE|HW|[[Halo Wars Limited Edition|Limited Edition]]|Detail=[[Personnel profile]] - [[:File:HWLE Anders Profile Back.jpg|Professor Anders]]}}{{Ref/Book|EVG|Page=182}} This variant has similar firing and recharge rates to the man-portable version, though it has higher damage potential and a faster charge up. Some of the components that were on the Sparrowhawk' Spartan Laser were later miniaturized and installed on infantry-portable M6/E variants after the Covenant War.{{Ref/Reuse|localunits}}
Contrary to popular belief, the Spartan Laser is not a one-hit, one-kill weapon. In gameplay, damage is inflicted on a target by means of multiple, precision strikes from the laser. Instead of what appears to be one intense, uninterrupted beam of energy, the laser is actually multiple, but smaller, charges of energy, sent downrange in rapid succession, giving the appearance of a continuous beam. As the laser is light, there is little chance for escape or evasion before imminent doom. However, it is possible to avoid complete annihilation by traveling at high speeds or quickly finding some cover, thus avoiding the rest of the devastating beam. Once the main laser is discharged downrange, the target receives the intense increase in energy as thermal energy, which then proceeds to impart physical changes upon the target. With each passing millisecond the target is hit by the main laser, the energy levels rise until they become intolerable and result in combustion, in the case of vehicles, or death.
* '''[[M8C Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Cannon]]''': A variant mounted on the [[G79H-TC Pelican]].{{Ref/Book|Id=H4EVG113|H4EVG|Page=113}}
* '''[[M11B nonlinear cannon]]''': A variant mounted on [[S-930 Pegasus]] prototypes.{{Ref/Site|Id=digsite|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/canon-fodder-digsite-dissection|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Cannon Fodder - Digsite Dissection|D=28|M=7|Y=2023}}
* '''Unidentified variants''': A variant of [[pulse laser turret]]s on the [[G81 Condor]] appear to be derived from similar technology, alongside the high-energy lasers employed on the [[Command Mantis]] variant.


Under normal circumstances, as long as a direct impact is delivered, one laser shot will destroy any target. Wraiths cannot simply be fired upon at any location; each has a vulnerable point that must be hit in order to achieve a catastrophic kill with one shot. The Wraith must be fired upon from the vehicle's rear, right below the mortar at its power core, or directly aimed at the cockpit. The Scorpion must be hit in the driver's canopy to kill him or her instantly, though to destroy the tank you must aim for the cannon. It is powerful enough to make its way through nine Warthogs parked bumper to bumper. It is also highly effective at destroying [[Type-47 Ultra Heavy Assault Platform|Scarabs']] leg joints, although ''The Covenant'' is the only mission where this can be done, and it is unlikely the player will keep the Spartan Laser that long into the level without completely draining its battery.
==Gameplay==
{{Main|Spartan Laser}}
Variants of the M6 Spartan Laser are featured as a usable weapon in ''[[Halo 3]]'', ''[[Halo 3: ODST]]'', ''[[Halo: Reach]]'', ''[[Halo 4]]'', and ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''. They are known as the [[Spartan Laser]]. It is a [[power weapon]], which fires a powerful laser that deals an incredible amount of damage, destroying all vehicles with a single well-placed shot. The Spartan Laser is one of the most powerful weapons in the game, and to compensate, it has a limited use of five shots, a short cooldown after a discharge, and inability to pick up ammo.


The intense energy of the beam imparts splash damage up to a range of approximately two meters from the impact point. A careless operator that discharges the laser while too close to any obstacle will instantly be killed. The beam can also penetrate multiple obstacles and/or targets, provided they are aligned along a linear trajectory.
In ''[[Halo Wars]]'' campaign, [[Jerome-092]] and two of the members of [[Team Omega]] are armed with Spartan Lasers. In ''Halo Wars'' [[skirmish]], the Spartan Laser is the final upgrade available to Spartans, available through the [[UNSC Barracks]]. The [[AV-22 Sparrowhawk]], a unit exclusive to [[Ellen Anders]], is equipped with a chin-mounted Spartan Laser. In ''[[Halo Wars 2]]'' campaign, Jerome-092 again wields the Spartan Laser, while in skirmish, Jerome-092 can equip the Spartan Laser upon researching Spartan Upgrade level Two in the [[UNSC Armory]]. The UNSC Super Unit [[G81 Condor]] is equipped with twin dual laser cannons in addition to a Mini-MAC.


It is powered by a [[BA-53635/PLMD]] non-replaceable battery, which is recharged with a [[PP-16979/AM-Sh]] charger. UNSC logistics, however, are not sufficient for the charger to accompany many M6 G/GNR units in the field. It would be better to use the weapon when hidden as it takes a long time to charge and the enemy has a better chance of defending themselves, unless the wielder remains concealed from their enemy.
==Production notes==
* "Grindell" may be a reference to to [[Wikipedia:Harry Grindell Matthews|Harry Grindell Matthews]], an English inventor who claimed to have invented a death ray in the 1920s. The word "Galilean" is also printed on the side of the weapon.
* As a reference to [[Project GUNGNIR|its development program]], the sides of the M6/R and M6/V have the [[List of references to Norse mythology in Halo|Norse]] symbol for [[Wikipedia:Gungnir|Gungnir]] etched into it, which was the mythical spear wielded by the god [[Wikipedia:Odin|Odin]] in Norse Mythology. Gungnir was described as having the ability to always hit its mark. Part of the mythology is that Odin would hurl his spear over the doomed side of a battle.
*During the [[development of Halo 3|development]] of ''[[Halo 3]]'', [[Bungie]] envisioned the Spartan Laser as a weapon which could be only carried by Spartans. When they were deployed onto the battlefield, infantry would call this deployment "rolling thunder".{{Ref/Twitter|Isaac_Hannaford|1376661644185464832|Isaac Hannaford|Quote=We imagined the spartan laser as a Spartan specific weapon.  When Spartans entered the battlefield soldiers would refer to their approach as rolling thunder.|D=02|M=5|Y=2021}}
* Early concept art of the ''Halo: Reach'' starfighter [[FSS-1000 Sabre]] includes the Spartan Laser, which was replaced by the [[ST/Medusa missile|Medusa missiles]] in the final design. The starfighter depicted in the concept art, along with its Spartan Laser, were later canonized as the [[S-930 Pegasus]] and the [[M11B nonlinear cannon]], respectively.{{Ref/Reuse|digsite}}


==In-game information==
== Trivia ==
===Advantages===
* [[Luke Smith]]'s comment on the Spartan Laser, "It's not overpowered, it's an elegant weapon from a more civilized age," is a reference to ''Star Wars''{{'}} [[StarWars:Lightsaber|lightsabers]], described as such by [[StarWars:Obi-Wan Kenobi|Obi-Wan Kenobi]].{{Ref/Site|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=12442|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Bungie Weekly Update 5/11/07|D=21|M=4|Y=2017}}
[[File:laserdblkill.jpg|thumb|right|A player using the Spartan Laser to kill two opponents at once.]]
* In ''[[The Package (animated short)|The Package]]'', the Spartan Laser is shown to be able to deflect an energy sword and is, in that instance, [[Dual wielding|dual wielded]] with an [[M7 SMG]]. In addition, after [[Frederic-104]] fires his Spartan Laser twice, his HUD shows its battery has 80% of its power left, meaning his Spartan Laser has only expended 10% of its power with each shot. However, in ''Halo 3'', ''Halo 3: ODST'', and ''Halo: Reach'' as well as ''Halo 4'' and ''Halo 5: Guardians'', the Spartan Laser uses 20% and 25% of its battery with each shot, respectively. It is possible the Spartan Laser can change the amount of battery charge used in its shots, as the shots fired by Frederic seem dramatically weaker than those fired in the games.
The Spartan Laser is the most powerful small arm in ''Halo 3'', ''Halo 3: ODST'', and ''Halo: Reach'', combining long range with lethal force. Most destructible vehicles are often destroyed in a single blast, except in the case of a near miss, in which case the target will still suffer heavy damage. It can also strike and kill multiple opponents and vehicles if they are lined up correctly.


===Disadvantages===
== Gallery ==
As with all powerful weapons, there are a few disadvantages. The Spartan Laser needs to charge for three seconds, (four seconds after Title Update 2), before firing, and requires another two to four seconds to cool down after firing. In ''Halo 3'' and ''Halo 3: ODST'' laser uses 20% of its battery's charge per shot, giving only five shots at most. In ''[[Halo: Reach]]'', the weapon uses 25% of its battery power per shot, allowing a maximum of four shots.  
{{Linkbox|gameplay=yes|gallery=yes|gallerypage=Images of M6 Spartan Laser}}
=== Concept art ===
<gallery>
File:Halo3Beta-M6SpartanLaser-crop.png|Concept art of the M6 Spartan Laser for ''[[Halo 3]]''.
File:H4_ShotgunSplaser_Concept.jpg|Concept art of the M6 Spartan Laser in ''[[Halo 4]]''.
File:H5G-spartanlaser concept final.jpg|Concept art of the M6/E Spartan Laser in ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''.
</gallery>


The targeting laser may give away the operator's position. If a player sees the targeting beam, they could possibly dodge the shot, thus wasting valuable battery power, though this is very unlikely, as the targeting beam is very faint and hard to see in the midst of battle. However, it is possible to hear the laser if you are near the operator, and can thus enact a countermeasure to prevent the operator from striking. A point blank shot can cause fatal splash damage to the wielder.
=== Screenshots ===
<gallery>
File:M6 Spartan Laser.png|An angled view of the M6/R Spartan Laser in ''Halo 3''.
File:H3-SpartanLaserHUD.png|HUD of the Spartan Laser in ''Halo 3''.
File:HW-SpartanIIsM6s.png|[[MJOLNIR Powered Assault Armor/Mark IV|Mark IV]]-clad Spartan-IIs with Spartan Lasers in ''[[Halo Wars]]''.
File:Sparrow Laser.jpg|A [[Sparrowhawk]] fires its nose-mounted Spartan Laser. Note the blueish beam, instead of the normal red laser.
File:Fred 2.jpg|[[Frederic-104]] firing a Spartan Laser in ''[[The Package (animated short)|The Package]]''.
File:H4-M6SpartanLaser-LeftSide.png|In-game left side view of the M6 Spartan Laser in ''Halo 4''.
File:M6_GGNR_with_active_cowling.jpg|An M6 G/GNR with the protective cowling still deployed.
File:H4-MP-M6SpartanLaser-HUD-02.jpg|HUD of the M6 Spartan Laser in ''Halo 4''{{'}}s multiplayer.
File:SarahPalmerLaser SpartanAssault.png|[[SPARTAN-IV program|Spartan]] [[Sarah Palmer]] using the M6 G/GNR against a {{Pattern|Zurdo|Wraith}} in ''[[Halo: Spartan Assault]]''.
File:HSS Spartan Laser.png|A Spartan-IV holding a Spartan laser in ''[[Halo: Spartan Strike]]''.
File:HSS_Spartan_laser_model.png|An M6 Spartan Laser in ''Halo: Spartan Strike''.
FIle:H5G-M6EHUD-Campaign.png|HUD of the M6/E Spartan Laser by [[Edward Buck]] in the ''Halo 5: Guardians'' campaign.
File:H5G-M6ESS.png|Third-person view of the M6/E Spartan Laser engaged in smart scope.
File:HO-SpartanLaser.jpg|A Spartan Laser in ''Halo Online''.
</gallery>


Finally, the laser is infamous for the difficulty in aiming the weapon, being nearly impossible for inexperienced players to engage quick, erratically-moving targets. This is caused by the charging time, which mandates that the player keep an accurate lock on his or her opponent, lest the laser discharge in vain.
== List of appearances ==
 
* ''[[Believe]]''
===''Halo 3'' and ''Halo 3: ODST''===
** ''[[Diorama]]'' {{1st}} {{C|Diorama only}}
The weapon is not available in the ''Halo 3'' [[campaign]] until the level ''[[The Covenant (level)|The Covenant]]'', in which [[John-117]] begins the level armed with the Spartan Laser. There is another Spartan Laser lying nearby on the ground near the Pelican, presumably dropped by a Marine when it was shot down. The M6 is the only weapon able to harm [[343 Guilty Spark]] on the [[Halo (Halo 3 level)|final level of ''Halo 3'']], with the exception of the Fuel Rod Gun and Rocket Launcher, through a [[glitch]].
* ''[[Halo 3]]''
 
* ''[[Halo Wars]]''
In ''[[Halo 3]]'' [[Multiplayer]], killing another player with the Spartan Laser awards the [[Laser Kill Medal]]. The achievement "Two for One" is unlocked by scoring a double kill with a single laser shot in any ranked free-for-all playlist.
* ''[[Halo: Helljumper]]''
 
* ''[[Halo 3: ODST]]''
In ''Halo 3: ODST'', the weapon appears in the levels ''[[Uplift Reserve (level)|Uplift Reserve]]'', ''[[Kizingo Boulevard (level)|Kizingo Boulevard]]'', ''[[ONI Alpha Site (level)|ONI Alpha Site]]'', ''[[NMPD HQ (level)|NMPD HQ]]'', and ''[[Coastal Highway]]'', usually in hands of [[Dutch]], as well as in all [[Firefight]] maps. The weapon charges slightly faster than in ''Halo 3''.
* ''[[Halo Legends]]''
 
** ''[[The Package (animated short)|The Package]]''
===Changes from ''Halo 3'' and ''Halo 3: ODST'' to ''Halo: Reach''===
* ''[[Halo: Blood Line]]''
*The Spartan Laser has a slightly altered form factor, a darker color scheme, a different charging animation, and a thermal display attached to the side. The weapon depletes a quarter of the battery's charge per shot, meaning it only has four shots, decreased from five in ''Halo 3'' and ''Halo 3: ODST'' .
* ''[[Halo: Fall of Reach]]''
*The Spartan Laser has a longer forward grip, with less space between it and the trigger than in ''Halo 3'', making it appear that there is not enough space for the forward grip to fold up when not in use.
** ''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Invasion|Invasion]]''
*When the weapon is charged, instead of one arrow moving down on the side of the reticule, two arrows move toward each other, meeting at the side of the reticule.
* ''[[Halo 4]]''
*The charging time is about a half-second longer than in ''Halo 3''.
** ''[[Spartan Ops]]''
*The Spartan Laser no longer zooms out after each shot.
* ''[[Halo: Spartan Assault]]''
 
* ''[[Halo: Spartan Strike]]''
===''Halo Wars''===
* ''[[Halo: Last Light]]'' {{Mo}}
*In the campaign, [[Jerome-092]] and two of the members of [[Team Omega]] are armed with Spartan Lasers.
* ''[[Halo Wars 2]]''
*In [[skirmish]] and multiplayer, the Spartan Laser is the final upgrade available to SPARTANs.
* ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''
*The [[AV-22 Sparrowhawk|Sparrowhawk]] is equipped with a chin-mounted Spartan Laser.<ref>'''Halo Wars''', ''Leader Cards''</ref>
*''[[Halo: The Television Series]]''
 
**''[[Solace (TV Series)|Solace]]'' {{C|Hologram only}}
==Tactics==
*''[[Halo: Vertical Umbrage]]''
===Campaign===
*On the level The Covenant on Halo 3, save the Spartan Laser given at the start of the level for the Brute Chieftain in the Barrier Tower, as one/two hits (depending on the difficulty) should kill the Chieftain.
*During co-op in Halo: Reach level [[The Pillar of Autumn (Halo: Reach level)|The Pillar of Autumn]], it is advised to have one of the players to concentrate fire to destroy Phantoms with the [[Onager]] while the other player(s) destroy Banshees with the Spartan Lasers, as Phantoms are difficult to eliminate with the laser.
 
===Multiplayer===
*When coming upon a laser pick it up and get to a good/safe spot that vehicles go by often so you can get many vehicle kills.
 
==Trivia==
*As a reference to its development program, the side of the weapon has the Norse symbol for [[Wikipedia:Gungnir|Gungnir]] etched into it, which was the mythical spear wielded by the god Odin in Norse Mythology. Gungnir was described as having the ability to always hit its mark. Part of the mythology is that Odin would hurl his spear over the doomed side of a battle. The word "Galilean" is also printed on the side of the weapon.
*The Spartan Laser's beam seems to trail off forever when fired into the sky, very much like the [[Sentinel Beam]]. The beam of both weapons does end, however, usually at the invisible walls of the playing area. The laser beam on [[Sandtrap]] covers over 75% of the width of the area when fired at a 45 degree angle.
*It is unclear what kind of energy is fired from the M6, while some have suggested that it fires a chemical laser; however, a gas or chemical laser does not produce a powerful energy output, and also require large amounts of highly volatile and toxic chemicals to function, which are expended as the weapon fires. The weapon seems to be only powered by a rechargeable battery pack, hinting that it may be a Solid-State Laser or Free Electron Laser, which does not require a constant source of a chemical gain medium.
*Luke Smith's comment: "It's not overpowered, it's an elegant weapon from a more civilized age," is a reference to ''Star Wars''' [[W:C:StarWars:Lightsaber|lightsabers]], described as such by [[W:C:StarWars:Obi-Wan Kenobi|Obi-Wan Kenobi]].
*In ''[[The Package]]'', the Spartan Laser is shown to be able to deflect an energy sword and is, in that instance, [[Dual Wielding|dual wielded]] with an [[M7/Caseless Submachine Gun|SMG]].
*In ''The Package'', after [[Frederic-104]] fires his Spartan Laser twice, his HUD shows its battery has 80% of its power left, meaning his Spartan Laser has only expended 10% of its power with each shot. However, in ''Halo 3'' and ''Halo 3: ODST'' and ''Halo: Reach'', the Spartan Laser uses 20% and 25% of its battery with each shot respectively. It is possible that this is a mistake.
*When the player picks up a Spartan Laser that has a battery percentage that does not divide by 20 evenly, he will be able to fire a 20% powered laser and another shot after that with the remaining charge.
*As with all battery weapons, a weapon with low power that is dropped on the ground when its AI operator is killed will be assigned a random power level between 60% and 70%.
*Oddly, the Spartan Laser's barrel cover can be seen opening up when the player switches to it, even though it is already open on the player's back.
 
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="150">
File:MediaCAGNNTYD.jpg|Concept art of the M6 Spartan Laser before the ''[[Halo 3 Beta]]''.
File:M6 Spartan Laser.jpg|The M6 Spartan Laser as it appears in ''Halo 3''.
File:Halo3.comspartanlaser.PNG|A blueprint of the Galilean.
File:H3-SP Lazer.jpg|A 2D Spartan Laser uncovered through [[modding]].
File:26029193-Full.jpg|The end of the laser beam across ''[[Sandtrap]].
File:Reach_M6 G-GNR.jpg|Concept art of the M6 G/GNR for ''Halo: Reach''.
File:Halo Reach - Side Profile Model 8.png|A profile view of the Spartan Laser in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:Fred 2.jpg|[[Frederic-104]] firing a Spartan Laser in ''[[The Package]]''.
File:Spartan Laser fsp Reticle.jpg|A first-person view of the Spartan Laser's targeting reticule firing at short-range in the ''Halo: Reach'' Beta.
File:Spartan Laser Reticle Scoped.jpg|A Spartan Laser's targeting reticule scoped in the ''Halo: Reach'' Beta.
File:Spartan Laser Secondary Weapon.jpg|A Spartan Laser worn on the back of a [[SPARTAN-III Program|SPARTAN-III]] as a secondary weapon in the ''Halo: Reach'' Beta.
File:Spartan Laser Reach Beta.jpg|A SPARTAN-III wielding a Spartan Laser during the ''Halo: Reach'' Beta.
</gallery>


==List of appearances==
==Notes==
*''[[Halo 3]]'' {{1st}}
{{Ref/Notes}}
*''[[Halo Wars]]''
*''[[Halo: Helljumper]]''
*''[[Halo 3: ODST]]''
*''[[Halo Legends]]''
**''[[The Package]]''
*''[[Halo: Reach]]''


==Sources==
== Sources ==
<references/>
{{Ref/Sources}}


==Related pages==
{{UNSC support weapons}}
*[[Splasers]]
*[[Team Splasers]]


{{UNSC Infantry Weapons}}
[[Category:Directed-energy weapons]]
[[Category:Human Weapons]]

Latest revision as of 11:02, November 21, 2024

W/AV M6 G/GNR "Spartan Laser"
M6/E
H5G-M6SpartanLaser.png
M6/R
H3-M6SpartanLaser.png
M6/V
HReach-M6SpartanLaser.png
M6/X
H4-SpartanLaser.png
Production overview

Manufacturer:

Misriah Armory[1]

Model series:

M6

Type:

Directed-energy weapon[1]

Cost:

218,000 cR[2][3]

Variants:

Specifications

Length:

98.8 centimetres (38.9 in)[3] - 121.1 centimetres (47.7 in)[4]

Width:

7.7 inches (20 cm) (M6/X)[5]

Height:

15.4 inches (39 cm) (M6/X)[5]

Weight:

  • Empty: 19.07 kilograms (42.0 lb)[3]
  • Loaded: 20.4 kilograms (45 lb)[3]

Ammunition type:

Feed system:

100 battery units (4 to 5 shots)[6]

Operation:

Directed-energy[1]

Rate of fire:

Semi-automatic[4]

Muzzle velocity:

299,792,458 m/s (983,571,056 ft/s)[4]

Effective range:

Long[1]

Service history

In service:

 

The Weapon/Anti-Vehicle Model 6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Rifle (W/AV M6 G/GNR), colloquially known as the Spartan Laser, is a man-portable and vehicle-mounted solid-state directed-energy anti-vehicle weapon used by the United Nations Space Command.[1][7] It is the only known infantry directed-energy weapon manufactured by humans, aside from the plasma rifle protoype created by Chalybs Defense Solutions.

Overview[edit]

Design details[edit]

The M6 G/GNR was originally created in concert with the GUNGNIR Mjolnir armor variant as part of Project GUNGNIR, a program designed to provide supplementary matériel for the SPARTAN-II program, hence the "Spartan Laser" moniker.[8] The M6 G/GNR is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, directed energy weapon firing a solid-state laser.[1] The Spartan Laser's Grindell/Galilean architecture incorporates a smart-linked Wyrd III optics suite, capable of 3× magnification for increased accuracy.[1][2] Its reticule, whether on 1× or 3× magnifications, features a meter on the right side showing the charging status of the laser. The tick mark rests at the bottom of the circular shaped reticule while the laser is dormant, and gradually travels along the reticule's circumference until it reaches the point of origin, indicating that the laser is currently discharging.[9] Certain variants of the M6, the M6/V and the M6/X, are equipped with foldable targeting displays, allowing operators to target enemies without the use of smart-linking on their heads-up display.[10][5]

Development history[edit]

The M6 has gone through several iterations, but its changes have been mostly cosmetic.[4] For example, the M6/R variant used during the Human-Covenant War is powered by a BA-53635/PLMD non-removable battery, which recharges with a PP-16979/AM-Sh charger,[2] whereas the M6/X variant is powered by Series 6971 battery cells,[5] with little-to-no changes in performance.[11] Although the Spartan Laser was considered to be "ruinously expensive" at the time of its introduction, later refinements led to a reduction in production cost which is now only considered to be "extraordinarily expensive". Internal components have changed over time, incorporating incremental advances that have lowered production costs, and increased efficiency, but the significant advances in crystal doping and optoelectronic focusing remain largely opaque to end users.[6]

Operation[edit]

When the weapon is equipped, a shroud over the laser diode lifts up to expose it, presumably to protect it from scratches and battle damage when holstered.[Note 1] A small hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder on the left side of the shroud actuates the shroud where it is anchored to the chassis of the weapon. When the trigger is pulled, a red targeting laser is painted on-target accompanied by an audible whine as the weapon cycles up. The Spartan Laser will then charge for approximately three seconds before discharging the main laser. As the Spartan Laser charges, the charging tone gets noticeably louder and increases in pitch up until the laser is fired. The firing sequence can be aborted without discharging the battery as long as the weapon is not actually fired; for example, if the target moves out of sight or the operator needs to displace. Heat management forces significant downtime between shots, and so the weapon enters an approximately two-second-long standby sequence between shots.

John-117 firing an M6/R during the Battle of Installation 00.

When fired, the Spartan Laser emits a solid-state laser, a powerful microsecond-long pulse of energy capable of burning through thick plates of metallic laminates, nanocomposites, or hardened steel.[1] The beam can also penetrate multiple obstacles and/or targets, provided they are aligned along a linear trajectory. The beam emitted by the M6 Spartan Laser weapons is typically a bright red. The beam is capable of eliminating all manner of targets in a very large range. When used against infantry such as Jiralhanae Chieftains, the lasers is capable of efficiently burning through the armor and leaving a clean hole through the target and also severely damage anything behind the initial target. A single discharge from the M6/R is capable of piercing the thick armor of a Ru'swum-pattern Phantom.[2]

Usage[edit]

While there are multiple M6 variants to facilitate various specialized roles,[1] the M6 is typically used in both anti-vehicle and anti-personnel roles.[2] When employed in combat, the Spartan Laser had a marked effect on both allied and enemy morale.[2] During the Human-Covenant War, only Orbital Drop Shock Troopers and Spartans were given ready access to the weapon.[6] Aircraft, such as the AV-22 Sparrowhawk,[12] the G79H-TC Pelican,[13] and the S-930 Pegasus,[14] are equipped with armaments that use the same technology.

Variants[edit]

There are four known variants of the M6 Spartan Lasers:

  • M6/E Spartan Laser: The M6/E ("Enhanced") variant is upgraded to combat heavy armor,[1] and functions primarily as an anti-tank ordnance.[15] Its parts were miniaturized components derived from the M6 Grindell/Galilean Nonlinear Cannon mounted on AV-22 Sparrowhawks.[12]
    • Endgame: Endgame is an improved model of the M6/E variant with a doubled battery capacity and reduced charge time. It has the downside of having less strength than its normal counterpart.
    • Selene's Lance: Selene's Lance is an advanced variant of the M6/E variant has a faster charge time and a longer beam duration, with 50% additional battery capacity compared to its normal counterpart.
  • M6/R Spartan Laser: The M6/R variant is specialized in reconnaissance deployments and scouting maneuvers.[1]
  • M6/V Spartan Laser: The M6/V variant is designed with a larger focus on operator safety via a versatile focus canopy.[1]
  • M6/X Spartan Laser: The M6/X variant is powered by Series 6971 battery cells and featured an experimental alternating power distributor.[1]

In addition, related technology has been observed on vehicle armaments:

Gameplay[edit]

Main article: Spartan Laser

Variants of the M6 Spartan Laser are featured as a usable weapon in Halo 3, Halo 3: ODST, Halo: Reach, Halo 4, and Halo 5: Guardians. They are known as the Spartan Laser. It is a power weapon, which fires a powerful laser that deals an incredible amount of damage, destroying all vehicles with a single well-placed shot. The Spartan Laser is one of the most powerful weapons in the game, and to compensate, it has a limited use of five shots, a short cooldown after a discharge, and inability to pick up ammo.

In Halo Wars campaign, Jerome-092 and two of the members of Team Omega are armed with Spartan Lasers. In Halo Wars skirmish, the Spartan Laser is the final upgrade available to Spartans, available through the UNSC Barracks. The AV-22 Sparrowhawk, a unit exclusive to Ellen Anders, is equipped with a chin-mounted Spartan Laser. In Halo Wars 2 campaign, Jerome-092 again wields the Spartan Laser, while in skirmish, Jerome-092 can equip the Spartan Laser upon researching Spartan Upgrade level Two in the UNSC Armory. The UNSC Super Unit G81 Condor is equipped with twin dual laser cannons in addition to a Mini-MAC.

Production notes[edit]

  • "Grindell" may be a reference to to Harry Grindell Matthews, an English inventor who claimed to have invented a death ray in the 1920s. The word "Galilean" is also printed on the side of the weapon.
  • As a reference to its development program, the sides of the M6/R and M6/V have the Norse symbol for Gungnir etched into it, which was the mythical spear wielded by the god Odin in Norse Mythology. Gungnir was described as having the ability to always hit its mark. Part of the mythology is that Odin would hurl his spear over the doomed side of a battle.
  • During the development of Halo 3, Bungie envisioned the Spartan Laser as a weapon which could be only carried by Spartans. When they were deployed onto the battlefield, infantry would call this deployment "rolling thunder".[18]
  • Early concept art of the Halo: Reach starfighter FSS-1000 Sabre includes the Spartan Laser, which was replaced by the Medusa missiles in the final design. The starfighter depicted in the concept art, along with its Spartan Laser, were later canonized as the S-930 Pegasus and the M11B nonlinear cannon, respectively.[14]

Trivia[edit]

  • Luke Smith's comment on the Spartan Laser, "It's not overpowered, it's an elegant weapon from a more civilized age," is a reference to Star Wars' lightsabers, described as such by Obi-Wan Kenobi.[19]
  • In The Package, the Spartan Laser is shown to be able to deflect an energy sword and is, in that instance, dual wielded with an M7 SMG. In addition, after Frederic-104 fires his Spartan Laser twice, his HUD shows its battery has 80% of its power left, meaning his Spartan Laser has only expended 10% of its power with each shot. However, in Halo 3, Halo 3: ODST, and Halo: Reach as well as Halo 4 and Halo 5: Guardians, the Spartan Laser uses 20% and 25% of its battery with each shot, respectively. It is possible the Spartan Laser can change the amount of battery charge used in its shots, as the shots fired by Frederic seem dramatically weaker than those fired in the games.

Gallery[edit]

Concept art[edit]

Screenshots[edit]

List of appearances[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ In gameplay, the weapon is shown with the shroud up when it is on a person's back. This is likely due to reuse of the third-person viewmodel of the laser, which does not have the shroud covering the laser emitter.

Sources[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 179
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Bungie.net, Spartan Laser (Retrieved on Feb 2, 2007) [local archive] [external archive]
  3. ^ a b c d Bungie.net, Spartan Laser (Retrieved on Sep 11, 2013) [local archive] [external archive]
  4. ^ a b c d Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 183
  5. ^ a b c d e Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide, page 69
  6. ^ a b c Halo Waypoint - Universe, Spartan Laser (Retrieved on Jun 1, 2020) [archive]
  7. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2009 edition), page 315
  8. ^ Halo Waypoint, MJOLNIR 2 (Retrieved on Mar 14, 2011) [local archive] [external archive]
  9. ^ Halo 3, Gameplay
  10. ^ Halo: Reach, Gameplay
  11. ^ Halo 4, Gameplay
  12. ^ a b c Halo Waypoint, Cannon Fodder: Local Units (Retrieved on Mar 31, 2017) [archive]
  13. ^ a b Halo 4: The Essential Visual Guide, page 113
  14. ^ a b c Halo Waypoint, Cannon Fodder - Digsite Dissection (Retrieved on Jul 28, 2023) [archive]
  15. ^ Halo Waypoint, Cannon Fodder: Locke & Load (Retrieved on Apr 13, 2016) [archive]
  16. ^ Halo Wars, Limited Edition: Personnel profile - Professor Anders
  17. ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 182
  18. ^ Twitter, Isaac Hannaford (@Isaac_Hannaford): "We imagined the spartan laser as a Spartan specific weapon. When Spartans entered the battlefield soldiers would refer to their approach as rolling thunder." (Retrieved on May 2, 2021) [archive]
  19. ^ Bungie.net, Bungie Weekly Update 5/11/07 (Retrieved on Apr 21, 2017) [archive]