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Gadulo-pattern needle rifle: Difference between revisions

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{{Era|HCW|Post}}
{{Title|''Gadulo''-pattern needle rifle}}
{{Cleanup}}
{{Status|Canon}}
{{Weapon infobox
{{Weapon infobox
|name=Type-31 needle rifle
|name=''Gadulo''-pattern Needle Launcher
|image=[[File:HReach-T31NeedleRifleSide.png|300px]]
|image=[[File:HReach-T31NeedleRifleSide.png|300px]]
|manufacturer=*[[Sacred Promissory]]<ref name="universe">[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/weapons/needle-rifle '''Halo Waypoint''': ''Needle Rifle'']</ref><ref name="vis">'''[[Halo: The Essential Visual Guide]]''', ''page 127''</ref> {{C|formerly}}
|manufacturer=*[[Sacred Promissory]]{{Ref/Book|Id=enc11|Enc11|Page=335}}{{Ref/Book|Id=evg|EVG|Page=127}}{{Ref/Book|Id=enc22|Enc22|Page=294}} {{C|formerly}}{{Ref/Site|Id=universe|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/weapons/needle-rifle|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Needle Rifle|D=14|M=5|Y=2021|LocalArchive=https://archives.halopedia.org/waypoint/www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/universe/weapons/needle-rifle.html}}
*[[Maeleesh Bazaar]]{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
*[[Maeleesh Bazaar]]{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|series=
|series=
|type=[[Rifle]]{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|type=[[Needle-based weaponry|Needle-based]] [[rifle]]{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|cost=
|cost=
|variant=
|variant=
|length={{Convert|126.7|cm|in|sp=us}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}{{Ref/Reuse|vis}}
|length={{Convert|126.7|cm|in|sp=us}}{{Ref/Reuse|enc11}}{{Ref/Reuse|evg}}{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|width={{Convert|24.1|cm|in|sp=us}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|width={{Convert|24.1|cm|in|sp=us}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|height={{Convert|37.4|cm|in|sp=us}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|height={{Convert|37.4|cm|in|sp=us}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|weight={{Convert|7.9|kg|lb}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|weight={{Convert|7.9|kg|lb}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|ammotype=[[Blamite|Blamite projectiles]]{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|ammotype=[[Subanese crystal]]line shard{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|feed=21 shards{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|capacity=
|operation=Automatic, semi-automatic{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|feed=21 shards/magazine{{Ref/Reuse|enc11}}{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|operation=Automatic, semi-automatic{{Ref/Reuse|evg}}{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}
|operation-title=Firing mode
|operation-title=Firing mode
|rate=~150 RPM
|rate=
|velocity=
|velocity=
|range=Medium to long
|optics=2× magnification optics{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
|service=*[[Human-Covenant War]]  
|range=Medium to long{{Ref/Reuse|evg}}{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}{{Ref/Site|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=Reach_Sandbox_Preview|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Point of Impact|D=07|M=02|Y=2021}}
|service=*[[Human-Covenant War]]
*[[Post-Covenant War conflicts]]
*[[Post-Covenant War conflicts]]
|affiliation=[[Covenant]]
}}
}}


The '''Type-31 Needle Rifle''',{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}<ref>[http://halo.bungie.net/projects/reach/article.aspx?ucc=ordnance&cid=24583 '''Bungie.net''': ''Type-31 Rifle'']</ref> also known as the '''needle rifle''', is an infantry weapon variant of the [[Type-33 needler]] originally manufactured by the [[Covenant]]'s [[Sacred Promissory]], formerly in service with the Covenant Empire's [[Covenant military|military]]. After the [[Fall of High Charity|fall]] of [[High Charity]] in [[2552]], [[Maeleesh Bazaar]] took over the production of the needle rifle.{{Ref/Reuse|universe}} The needle rifle is depicted being used by [[Sangheili]], [[Jiralhanae]], [[Kig-Yar]], and  [[Yanme'e]].<ref>'''[[Halo: Shadow of Intent]]'''</ref> The number designation "Type-31" is simply a numerical designator that aligns with the year this particular permutation of the needle rifle was first encountered by the [[United Nations Space Command]]; the year 2531, hence the "Type-31" designator.
The '''''Gadulo''-pattern Needle Launcher''' {{Type|31|Needle Rifle}}{{Ref/Reuse|enc11}} also known as the '''needle rifle''',{{Ref/Site|Id=hrbnet|URL=http://halo.bungie.net/projects/reach/article.aspx?ucc=ordnance&cid=24583|Site=Bungie.net|Page=Halo: Reach Ordnance Page - Type-31 Rifle|D=07|M=02|Y=2021}} is an infantry weapon originally manufactured by the [[Covenant]]'s [[Sacred Promissory]], formerly in service with the [[Covenant military]].{{Ref/Book|Id=EN|Enc22|Page=294}} After the [[Fall of High Charity|fall]] of [[High Charity]] in [[2552]], [[Maeleesh Bazaar]] took over the production of the needle rifle.{{Ref/Reuse|universe}}  


==Specifications==
==Overview==
===Design details===
===Design details===
[[File:ReachSchematic - NeedleRifle.png|thumb|left|250px|A blueprint of the rifle.]]
{{Main|Needle-based weaponry}}
The Type-31 Rifle fires unconventional, long and razor sharp projectiles made of [[Subanese crystal|blamite]]. The projectiles detonate several seconds after coming to rest in soft tissue. The rear end of the weapon appears to be on a hinge, indicating it may be able to collapse into a more compact form.
[[File:ReachSchematic - NeedleRifle.png|thumb|left|250px|[[HUD]] icon of the needle rifle.]]
As its name suggests, the ''Gadulo''-pattern needle rifle is one of the many Covenant needle-based projectile weapons, and shares operational functionality with the ubiquitous [[needler]], but notably features an electronic sighting optics system.{{Ref/Reuse|universe}} The needle rifle fires unconventional, long and razor sharp [[Subanese crystal]]line shards, which detonate several seconds after coming to rest in soft tissue.{{Ref/Reuse|universe}} The needles are stored within the midsection weapon, with several protruding from the shroud. The rear end of the weapon appears to be on a hinge, indicating it may be able to collapse into a more compact form.


The needle rifle is a fully automatic, short- to medium-range rifle, similar in many respects to the Covenant's [[Type-51 carbine]].<ref>[http://halo.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=Reach_Sandbox_Preview '''Bungie.net''': ''Reach Sandbox Preview]</ref> Unlike the needler, the needles do not "home", or track on the enemy.{{Ref/Reuse|vis}} They fire in a straight line at high velocities, similar to the [[M392 DMR]]. Rounds travel much faster than that of the needler, leaving the needle rifle's only destructive similarity to the needler being the individual/collected needle explosion.
Similar to other needle-based weapons, the needle rifle's internal mechanism snaps off crystalline shards into individual charged projectiles, which are launched linearly at the intended target. However, unlike the needler, the needle rifle's projectiles are not designed to home in on a target.{{Ref/Reuse|evg}} Given that the [[needler]] uses an additional magnetic auger within the weapon to catalyze the shards so they can track heat signatures,{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}} the needle rifle likely lacks a magnetic auger. However, the needle rifle's shards travel much faster than that of the needler, leaving the needle rifle's only destructive similarity to the needler being the individual/collected needle explosion.


The reload process for the needle rifle is very similar to that of the Covenant carbine. The scope for the weapon acts as a hatch, which flips open to expose a small canister that ejects upon opening, and a new canister is inserted by the user. The only difference between the reloads for the Carbine and the needle rifle is that the canister for the Carbine is not covered by any sort of hatch, which in the case of the needle rifle is its scope. This reload process implements another difference from the needler, which actually summons new needles from the inside of the weapon through the operation of what is suspected to be an internal mechanism.
The rifle's crystalline shards are held in an ammo cylinder. The reload process for the needle rifle is very similar to that of the {{Pattern|Vostu|carbine}} and {{Pattern|Mosa|carbine}}. The only difference between the reloads for the carbine and the needle rifle is that the canister for the carbine is not covered by any sort of hatch, which, in the case of the needle rifle, is the weapon's top module—also where the optics system is mounted. When reloading, the top module flips open to expose the ammo canister that ejects upon opening, allowing the user to insert a new canister. When the top module locks in place, the crystalline shards are splintered and then extrude from apertures on the weapon's shroud.{{Ref/Reuse|enc22}}
 
===Usage===
Without the needles' tracking ability, the needle rifle must be fired like a marksman rifle.{{Ref/Reuse|evg}} The needle rifle is operated in a similar role to the ''Vostu''-pattern carbine,{{Ref/Reuse|enc11}} and was commonly employed by [[Skirmisher]]s, [[Kig-Yar Sniper]]s, and [[Sangheili]] during the [[Fall of Reach]];{{Ref/Level|HR|ONI: Sword Base}}{{Ref/Level|HR|Nightfall}}{{Ref/Level|HR|Tip of the Spear}} notably, a [[Sangheili Field Marshal]] used a needle rifle to kill [[SPARTAN-II program|Spartan-III]] [[Catherine-B320]] with a headshot during the [[Siege of New Alexandria|Siege]] of [[New Alexandria (location)|New Alexandria]].{{Ref/Level|HR|New Alexandria}} Within the Covenant and [[Covenant remnants|its splinter factions]], the needle rifle is used by [[Sangheili]], [[Jiralhanae]], [[Kig-Yar]], and [[Yanme'e]].{{Ref/Novel|SOI}} Following the dissolution of the Covenant, the needle rifle was inherited by [[Covenant remnants|its splinter factions]], including the [[Swords of Sanghelios]],{{Ref/Novel|Out|Chapter=1}} [[Merg Vol]]'s [[Merg Vol's Covenant|Covenant]],{{Ref/Level|HSA|Hunt for the Cult Leader}} and [[Sali 'Nyon]]'s [[Sali 'Nyon's Covenant|Covenant]].{{Ref/Comic|HEsc|Issue=23}}


==Trivia==
==Trivia==
{{Linkbox|gameplay=yes|gallery=yes|gallerypage=Images of Type-31 Needle Rifle}}
{{Linkbox|gameplay=yes|gallery=yes|gameplaypage=Type-31 needle rifle/Gameplay}}
*The scope of the needle rifle has a hash-mark compass. To the right of the scope, it also features a symbol which turns red when the crosshairs are aimed at an enemy.
*The scope of the needle rifle has a hash-mark compass. To the right of the scope, it also features a symbol which turns red when the crosshairs are aimed at an enemy.
*[[Catherine-B320]] was killed by a needle rifle shot to the head. Unusually, the round went straight through her helmet instead of sticking and detonating on the surface. 
*Killing an opponent with a supercombine of the needle rifle's needles will grant the player a [[Needle Combine Kill|Needle Kill]] [[List of Halo: Reach medals|medal]].
*Killing an opponent with a supercombine of the needle rifle's needles will grant the player a [[Needle Combine Kill |Needle Kill]] [[Medals|medal]].
*During the ''[[Halo: Reach Multiplayer Beta]]'', the needle rifle had an 18-round magazine. This was increased to 21 rounds (to match the three round increase in the DMR's magazine size) for the final game. In both cases, the model for a fully-loaded needle rifle only shows 12 needles sticking out.
*During the ''[[Halo: Reach Multiplayer Beta]]'', the needle rifle had an 18-round magazine. This was increased to 21 rounds (to match the three round increase in the DMR's magazine size) for the final game, but the render of the weapon wasn't updated, so a fully loaded needle rifle will still only show 12 needles sticking out.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
===Concept art and illustrations===
<gallery>
File:HR_NeedleRifle_Concept_1.jpg|Early [[2008]] concept art of the needle rifle.
File:HR_NeedleRifle_Concept_2.jpg|Early 2008 concept art of the needle rifle.
File:HR_NeedleRifle_Concept_3.jpg|Early 2008 concept art of the needle rifle.
File:HR_NeedleRifle_Concept_4.jpg|Early 2008 concept art of the needle rifle.
File:HR_NeedleRifle_Concept_5.jpg|Early 2008 concept art of the needle rifle.
File:HR NeedleRifle Silhouette Concept.jpg|Later 2009 shape exploration for the needle rifle.
File:HR_NeedleRifle_Functional_Concept.jpg|2009 functional studies for the needle rifle's function.
File:HR_NeedleRifle_ModelSheet_Concept.jpg|Finalised modelsheet and functional refinement for the needle rifle.
File:HR_NeedleRifle_Concept_6.jpg|Finalised material pass concept of the needle rifle.
File:HE23-Sali forces.jpg|[[Sangheili Storm]] part of [[Sali 'Nyon's Covenant]] armed with needle rifles during [[Operation: ATHENA]] in ''[[Halo: Escalation]]''.
</gallery>
===Renders===
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Needle Rifle.png|A pre-Alpha render of the Type-31 needle rifle in ''[[Halo: Reach]]''.
File:Needle Rifle.png|A pre-Alpha render of the needle rifle in ''[[Halo: Reach]]''; note the green lights and needles.
File:Type-31 Rifle.png|Another early version of the needle rifle.
File:Type-31 Rifle.png|Another early version of the needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach''; note the green lights.
File:Needle Rifle - Gameplay.jpg|A Pre-Alpha screenshot of the needle rifle in use.
File:HR NeedleRifle HiPoly Render.jpg|A look at the ''Reach'' high-poly model.
File:HaloReach - Screenshot 07.jpg|A Pre-Alpha screenshot of Noble Six utilizing the needle rifle.
File:HR NeedleRifle Wireframe Render.jpg|The ''Reach'' wireframe model.
File:HFR_NeedleRifle_Render_1.jpg|A render of the needle rifle from ''[[Halo: Fireteam Raven]]''.
File:HFR_NeedleRifle_Render_2.jpg|Another render of the needle rifle from ''Halo: Fireteam Raven''.
</gallery>
 
===Screenshots===
<gallery>
File:Needle Rifle - Gameplay.jpg|A pre-Alpha screenshot of the HUD view of the needle rifle in use in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:HaloReach - Screenshot 07.jpg|A pre-Alpha screenshot of [[Noble Six]] utilizing the needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:Reach TotS FP02.jpg|First-person view of the needle rifle in the ''Halo: Reach'' campaign.
File:Reach FF Overlook01.jpg|First-person view of the needle rifle being used in the ''Halo: Reach'' multiplayer.
File:Reach FF Overlook01.jpg|First-person view of the needle rifle being used in the ''Halo: Reach'' multiplayer.
File:Reach Firefight Versus1.jpg|First-person view of the needle rifle in use in ''Halo: Reach'' Firefight.
File:Reach Firefight Versus1.jpg|First-person view of the needle rifle in use in ''Halo: Reach'' Firefight.
File:Reach TotS FP02.jpg|First-person view of the needle rifle in the ''Halo: Reach'' campaign.
File:Needle Rifle Zoom.png|View through the needle rifle's scope in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:Reach E310 Firefight_Waterfront02.jpg|A [[T'vaoan|Skirmisher]] Commando wielding a needle rifle in [[Firefight]].
File:HR AirviewBattle.jpg|A [[Sangheili Ranger]] firing a needle rifle at a Warthog in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:Species inline.jpg|A [[Special Operations Sangheili]] wielding a needle rifle in [[multiplayer]].
File:HR SkirmishersNeedleRifles.png|Two [[Skirmisher Major]]s wielding the needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:NeedleFace.jpg|A Spartan shot in the head with a needle.
File:HTMCC-HR SkirmisherCommando&NeedleRifle.png|A [[Skirmisher Commando]] with the needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:Reach 24285509 Full.jpg|View through the needle rifle's scope.
File:HTMCC-HR DamagedWatchtower.png|A Kig-Yar Sniper firing a needle rifle from a watchtower in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:Reach 24309157 Full.jpg|Another view through the needle rifle's scope.
File:HR SkirmisherMurmillones.jpg|A trio of [[Skirmisher Murmillo]]nes with the needle rifles in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:HR Spartan Commando 1.png|A Spartan carrying a needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach'' multiplayer.
File:Species inline.jpg|A [[Special Operations Sangheili]] wielding a needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach'' multiplayer.
File:NeedleFace.jpg|A Spartan shot in the head with a needle in ''Halo: Reach''.
File:HR_JackalSniper_NeedleRifle.jpg|A Kig-Yar Sniper armed with a needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach'' Firefight.
File:Reach FF Courtyard06.jpg|A Sangheili with a needle rifle in ''Halo: Reach''{{'}}s Firefight Versus.
File:H4FUD-JackalSniper-NeedleRifle.jpg|A [[Kig-Yar sniper]] wielding a needle rifle during the [[Battle of Circinius IV]] in ''[[Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn]]''.
File:H4FUD-JackalSniper-NeedleRifle.jpg|A [[Kig-Yar sniper]] wielding a needle rifle during the [[Battle of Circinius IV]] in ''[[Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn]]''.
File:HE23-Sali forces.jpg|[[Sangheili Storm]] part of [[Sali 'Nyon's Covenant]] armed with needle rifles during [[Operation: ATHENA]] in ''[[Halo: Escalation]]''.
File:HR_JackalSniper_NeedleRifle.jpg|A Kig-Yar Sniper armed with a Needle Rifle.
File:HFR_NeedleRifle_Render_1.jpg|A render of the Needle Rifle from ''[[Halo: Fireteam Raven]]''.
File:HFR_NeedleRifle_Render_2.jpg|Another render of the Needle Rifle from ''Halo: Fireteam Raven''.
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 75: Line 104:
*''[[Halo: Retribution]]''
*''[[Halo: Retribution]]''
*''[[Halo: Fireteam Raven]]''
*''[[Halo: Fireteam Raven]]''
*''[[Halo: Outcasts]]''


==Sources==
==Sources==
Line 82: Line 112:
[[Category:Covenant infantry weapons]]
[[Category:Covenant infantry weapons]]
[[Category:Small arms]]
[[Category:Small arms]]
[[Category:Needle weaponry]]

Latest revision as of 05:01, December 5, 2024

Gadulo-pattern Needle Launcher
HReach-T31NeedleRifleSide.png
Production overview

Manufacturer:

Type:

Needle-based rifle[4]

Specifications

Length:

126.7 centimeters (49.9 in)[1][2][3][4]

Width:

24.1 centimeters (9.5 in)[4]

Height:

37.4 centimeters (14.7 in)[4]

Weight:

7.9 kilograms (17 lb)[4]

Ammunition type:

Subanese crystalline shard[3][4]

Feed system:

21 shards/magazine[1][3][4]

Firing mode:

Automatic, semi-automatic[2][3][4]

Optics:

2× magnification optics[3]

Effective range:

Medium to long[2][3][5]

Service history

In service:

 

The Gadulo-pattern Needle Launcher (UNSC Type classification: Type-31 Needle Rifle)[1] also known as the needle rifle,[6] is an infantry weapon originally manufactured by the Covenant's Sacred Promissory, formerly in service with the Covenant military.[7] After the fall of High Charity in 2552, Maeleesh Bazaar took over the production of the needle rifle.[4]

Overview[edit]

Design details[edit]

Main article: Needle-based weaponry
HUD icon of the needle rifle.

As its name suggests, the Gadulo-pattern needle rifle is one of the many Covenant needle-based projectile weapons, and shares operational functionality with the ubiquitous needler, but notably features an electronic sighting optics system.[4] The needle rifle fires unconventional, long and razor sharp Subanese crystalline shards, which detonate several seconds after coming to rest in soft tissue.[4] The needles are stored within the midsection weapon, with several protruding from the shroud. The rear end of the weapon appears to be on a hinge, indicating it may be able to collapse into a more compact form.

Similar to other needle-based weapons, the needle rifle's internal mechanism snaps off crystalline shards into individual charged projectiles, which are launched linearly at the intended target. However, unlike the needler, the needle rifle's projectiles are not designed to home in on a target.[2] Given that the needler uses an additional magnetic auger within the weapon to catalyze the shards so they can track heat signatures,[3] the needle rifle likely lacks a magnetic auger. However, the needle rifle's shards travel much faster than that of the needler, leaving the needle rifle's only destructive similarity to the needler being the individual/collected needle explosion.

The rifle's crystalline shards are held in an ammo cylinder. The reload process for the needle rifle is very similar to that of the Vostu-pattern carbine and Mosa-pattern carbine. The only difference between the reloads for the carbine and the needle rifle is that the canister for the carbine is not covered by any sort of hatch, which, in the case of the needle rifle, is the weapon's top module—also where the optics system is mounted. When reloading, the top module flips open to expose the ammo canister that ejects upon opening, allowing the user to insert a new canister. When the top module locks in place, the crystalline shards are splintered and then extrude from apertures on the weapon's shroud.[3]

Usage[edit]

Without the needles' tracking ability, the needle rifle must be fired like a marksman rifle.[2] The needle rifle is operated in a similar role to the Vostu-pattern carbine,[1] and was commonly employed by Skirmishers, Kig-Yar Snipers, and Sangheili during the Fall of Reach;[8][9][10] notably, a Sangheili Field Marshal used a needle rifle to kill Spartan-III Catherine-B320 with a headshot during the Siege of New Alexandria.[11] Within the Covenant and its splinter factions, the needle rifle is used by Sangheili, Jiralhanae, Kig-Yar, and Yanme'e.[12] Following the dissolution of the Covenant, the needle rifle was inherited by its splinter factions, including the Swords of Sanghelios,[13] Merg Vol's Covenant,[14] and Sali 'Nyon's Covenant.[15]

Trivia[edit]

  • The scope of the needle rifle has a hash-mark compass. To the right of the scope, it also features a symbol which turns red when the crosshairs are aimed at an enemy.
  • Killing an opponent with a supercombine of the needle rifle's needles will grant the player a Needle Kill medal.
  • During the Halo: Reach Multiplayer Beta, the needle rifle had an 18-round magazine. This was increased to 21 rounds (to match the three round increase in the DMR's magazine size) for the final game. In both cases, the model for a fully-loaded needle rifle only shows 12 needles sticking out.

Gallery[edit]

Concept art and illustrations[edit]

Renders[edit]

Screenshots[edit]

List of appearances[edit]

Sources[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Halo Encyclopedia (2011 edition), page 335
  2. ^ a b c d e f Halo: The Essential Visual Guide, page 127
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 294
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Halo Waypoint, Needle Rifle (Retrieved on May 14, 2021) [local archive] [external archive]
  5. ^ Bungie.net, Point of Impact (Retrieved on Feb 7, 2021) [archive]
  6. ^ Bungie.net, Halo: Reach Ordnance Page - Type-31 Rifle (Retrieved on Feb 7, 2021) [archive]
  7. ^ Halo Encyclopedia (2022 edition), page 294
  8. ^ Halo: Reach, campaign level ONI: Sword Base
  9. ^ Halo: Reach, campaign level Nightfall
  10. ^ Halo: Reach, campaign level Tip of the Spear
  11. ^ Halo: Reach, campaign level New Alexandria
  12. ^ Halo: Shadow of Intent
  13. ^ Halo: Outcasts, chapter 1
  14. ^ Halo: Spartan Assault, campaign level Hunt for the Cult Leader
  15. ^ Halo: Escalation, issue 23