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| {{Era|UNSC|HCW}} | | {{Status|Canon}} |
| {{Character Infobox|variant=Cov | | {{Character infobox |
| | |variant=Cov |
| |name=Calid | | |name=Calid |
| |image= | | |image= |
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| |birth= | | |birth= |
| |death=Presumably [[2525]] | | |death=Presumably [[2525]] |
| | |causeofdeath= |
| | |parents= |
| | |siblings= |
| | |spouses= |
| | |children= |
| |species=[[Jiralhanae]] | | |species=[[Jiralhanae]] |
| |gender=Male | | |gender=Male |
| |height= | | |height= |
| | |mass= |
| |hair=Sparse brown fur with blotchy skin | | |hair=Sparse brown fur with blotchy skin |
| |eyes= | | |eyes= |
| | |affiliation=[[Covenant]] |
| | |rank= |
| | |sn= |
| |notable= | | |notable= |
| |affiliation=[[Covenant]]
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| |hide=
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| }} | | }} |
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| The hammerhead sharks are a group of sharks in the family Sphyrnidae, so named for the unusual and distinctive structure of their heads, which are flattened and laterally extended into a "hammer" shape called a "cephalofoil". Most hammerhead species are placed in the genus Sphyrna while the winghead shark is placed in its own genus, Eusphyra. Many not necessarily mutually exclusive functions have been proposed for the cephalofoil, including sensory reception, maneuvering, and prey manipulation. Hammerheads are found worldwide in warmer waters along coastlines and continental shelves. Unlike most sharks, hammerheads usually swim in schools during the day, becoming solitary hunters at night. Some of these schools can be found near Malpelo Island in Colombia, Cocos Island off Costa Rica, and near Molokai Island in Hawaii. Large schools are also seen in southern and eastern Africa.
| | '''Calid''' was a [[Jiralhanae]] who served aboard the [[Covenant]] [[Covenant cruiser|cruiser]] ''[[Rapid Conversion]]'' in [[2525]]. He was a part of [[Maccabeus]]' [[pack]], but he had not earned his masculine "us" suffix, which is awarded to a Jiralhanae upon reaching adulthood.<ref name="ch310">'''[[Halo: Contact Harvest]]''', ''page 310''</ref> |
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| Contents [hide]
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| 1 Description
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| 2 Taxonomy and evolution
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| 3 Reproduction
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| 4 Diet
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| 5 Relationship with humans
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| 6 Protection
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| 7 See also
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| 8 References
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| 9 External links
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| Description[edit]
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| The known species range from 0.9 to 6 m (3.0 to 19.7 ft) in length and weigh from 3 to 580 kg (6.6 to 1,278.7 lb).[2][3] They are usually light gray and have a greenish tint to them. Their bellies are white which allows them to blend into the ocean when viewed from the bottom and sneak up on their prey.[4] Their heads have lateral projections which give them a hammer-like shape.
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| A Costa Rican hammerhead shark
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| It was put in theory that the hammer-like shape of the head may have evolved (at least in part) to enhance the animal's vision.[5] The positioning of the eyes, mounted on the sides of the shark's distinctive hammer head give the shark good 360-degree vision in the vertical plane, meaning they can see above and below them at all times.[6] [7]The shape of the head was previously thought to help the shark find food, aiding in close-quarters maneuverability and allowing sharp turning movement without losing stability. However, it has been found that the unusual structure of its vertebrae was instrumental in making the turns correctly, more often than the shape of its head, though it would also shift and provide lift. From what is known about the winghead shark, it would appear that the shape of the hammer-head has to do with an evolved sensory function. Like all sharks, hammerheads have electroreceptory sensory pores called ampullae of Lorenzini. By distributing the receptors over a wider area, hammerheads can sweep for prey more effectively.[8]
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| Hammerheads have disproportionately small mouths and seem to do a lot of bottom-hunting. They are also known to form schools during the day, sometimes in groups of over 100. In the evening, like other sharks, they become solitary hunters.
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| Taxonomy and evolution[edit]
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| Since sharks do not have mineralized bones and rarely fossilize, it is their teeth alone that are commonly found as fossils. The hammerheads seem closely related to the carcharhinid sharks that evolved during the mid-Tertiary Period. According to DNA studies, the ancestor of the hammerheads probably lived in the Miocene epoch about 20 million years ago.[9]
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| Using mitochondrial DNA, a phylogenetic tree of the hammerhead sharks showed the winghead shark as its most basal member. As the winghead shark has proportionately the largest "hammer" of the hammerhead sharks, this suggests that the first ancestral hammerhead sharks also had large hammers.[10]
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| Reproduction[edit]
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| Reproduction occurs only once a year for hammerhead sharks, and usually occurs with the male shark biting the female shark violently until she agrees to mate with him.[11] The hammerhead sharks exhibit a viviparous mode of reproduction with females giving birth to live young. Like other sharks, fertilization is internal with the male transferring sperm to the female through one of two intromittent organs called claspers. The developing embryos are at first sustained by a yolk sac. When the supply of yolk is exhausted, the depleted yolk sac transforms into a structure analogous to a mammalian placenta (called a "yolk sac placenta" or "pseudoplacenta"), through which the mother delivers sustenance until birth. Once the baby sharks are born, they are not taken care of by the parents in any way. There is usually a litter of 12 to 15 pups; except for the Great Hammerhead which births litters of 20 to 40 pups. These baby sharks huddle together and swim toward warmer water until they are old enough and large enough to survive on their own.[11]
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| In 2007, the bonnethead shark was found to be capable of asexual reproduction via automictic parthenogenesis, in which a female's ovum fuses with a polar body to form a zygote without the need for a male. This was the first shark known to do this.[12]
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| Diet[edit]
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| Hammerhead sharks are known to eat a large range of prey including fish, squid, octopus, crustaceans, and other sharks. Stingrays are a particular favorite. These sharks are often found swimming along the bottom of the ocean, stalking their prey. Their unique head is used as a weapon when hunting down prey. The hammerhead shark uses its head to pin down stingrays and eats the ray when the ray is weak and in shock.[11] The Great Hammerhead, tending to be larger and more aggressive than most hammerheads, occasionally engage in cannibalism, as they are known to eat other hammerhead sharks, including their own young.[13]
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| Relationship with humans[edit]
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| A hammerhead shark at Atlantis Paradise Island
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| Of the 10 known species of hammerhead, only three of them are known to be particularly dangerous to humans: the scalloped, great, and smooth hammerheads. As of 2013 there have been 33 attacks, but no fatalities.
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| The great and the scalloped hammerhead are listed on the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) 2008 Red List as endangered, whereas the smalleye hammerhead is listed as vulnerable. The status given to these sharks is as a result of over-fishing and demand for their fins, an expensive delicacy. Among others, scientists expressed their concern about the plight of the scalloped hammerhead at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Boston. The young swim mostly in shallow waters along shores all over the world to avoid predators.
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| Shark fins are prized as a delicacy in certain countries in Asia (i.e. China), and overfishing is putting many hammerhead sharks at risk of extinction. Fishermen who harvest the animals typically cut off the fins and toss the remainder of the fish, which is often still alive, back into the sea.[14]
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| In Native Hawaiian culture, sharks are considered to be gods of the sea, also known as aumakua, protectors of humans, and cleaners of excessive ocean life. Some of these sharks are believed to be family members who died and have been reincarnated into shark form. However, there are sharks that are considered man-eaters, also known as niuhi. These sharks include great white sharks, tiger sharks, and bull sharks. The hammerhead shark, also known as mano kihikihi, is not considered a man-eater or niuhi; it is considered to be one of the most respected sharks of the ocean, an aumakua. Many Hawaiian families believe that they have an aumakua watching over them and protecting them from the niuhi. The hammerhead shark is thought to be the birth animal of some children. Hawaiian children who are born with the hammerhead shark as an animal sign are believed to be warriors and are meant to sail the oceans. It is extremely rare for hammerhead sharks to pass through the waters of Maui, but many Maui natives believe that when the hammerhead sharks pass by, it is a sign that the gods are watching over the families, and the oceans are clean and balanced.[15]
| | ==Biography== |
| | ===Battle of Harvest=== |
| | {{Main|First Battle of Harvest}} |
| | Calid was a part of [[Maccabeus]]' pack and served on the [[Covenant]] [[cruiser]] ''[[Rapid Conversion]]''. After recovering the [[Deacon]] [[Dadab]] and [[Huragok]] [[Lighter Than Some]], the crew of the ''Rapid Conversion'' discovered the [[human]] [[agriculture world|agricultural colony]] of [[Harvest]] in the [[Epsilon Indi system]]. Maccabeus assessment of the planet with the ships [[Luminary]] showed thousands of relics, but the devout Chieftain was soon shocked to learn that Dadab believed that there was an [[Monitor|oracle]] located on the planet. After [[Skirmish on Minor Transgression|a violent encounter]] with the [[Kig-Yar]], the humans on Harvest sent the ship's crew a message, detailing that humans wanted peace and wished to give the aliens a peace offering.<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''', ''page 229''</ref> |
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| Protection[edit]
| | After the hostilities between the humans and the Covenant began, Calid arrived to pick up Dadab in a [[Dextro Xur-pattern Spirit|Spirit]] dropship from the Unggoy outpost on the [[Tiara]] and deliver him to Maccabeus in the cruiser, as the Deacon claimed he had important news for the Chieftain. Calid, however, had to wait to return to the cruiser's [[hangar bay]] because the [[Yanme'e]] were attacking Lighter Than Some.{{Ref/Reuse|ch310}} Later, Calid had to return both Dadab and the Huragok back to the Tiara.<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''', ''page 317''</ref> |
| In March 2013, three endangered commercially valuable sharks, the hammerheads, the oceanic whitetip and porbeagle were added to Appendix 2 of CITES, bringing shark fishing and commerce of these species under licensing and regulation.[16]
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| See also[edit]
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| Portal icon Sharks portal
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| For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of sharks.
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| List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
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| List of hammerhead sharks
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| References[edit]
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| Jump up ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. Retrieved 01/09/08. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
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| Jump up ^ Hessing, S. (2000). Sphyrna tiburo. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
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| Jump up ^ "Record Hammerhead Pregnant With 55 Pups". Discovery News. Associated Press. July 1, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
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| Jump up ^ Hammerhead Shark. Sharks-world.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
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| Jump up ^ "Enhanced visual fields in hammerhead sharks". doi:10.1242/jeb.032615.
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| Jump up ^ D. Michelle McComb et al. (2009-11-27). "Hammerhead shark mystery solved". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
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| Jump up ^ "World's Deadliest: Hammerhead Sharks". video.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2015-05-23.
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| Jump up ^ R. Aidan Martin. "If I Had a Hammer". Rodale's Scuba Diving August 1993. Retrieved March 2006.
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| Jump up ^ Hammerhead shark study shows cascade of evolution affected size, head shape
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| Jump up ^ R. Aidan Martin. "Origin and Evolution of the 'Hammer'". www.elasmo-research.org. Retrieved January 2005.
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| ^ Jump up to: a b c Hammerhead Shark. Aquatic Community. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
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| Jump up ^ Chapman, DD; Shivji, MS; Louis, E; Sommer, J; Fletcher, H; Prodöhl, PA (2007-08-22). "Virgin birth in a hammerhead shark". Biology Letters 3 (4): 425–7. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189. PMC 2390672. PMID 17519185.
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| Jump up ^ HAMMERHEAD SHARK – Enchanted Learning Software. Enchantedlearning.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
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| Jump up ^ Panamanian officials find half ton of shark fins. Associated Press via Washingtonpost.com (2011-02-25).
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| Jump up ^ Sharks Highly respected in Hawaiian Culture. Moolelo.com (2004-09-28). Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
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| Jump up ^ MCGrath, Matt (11 March 2013). "'Historic' day for shark protection". BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
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| He was most likely killed during the engagement on the Tiara by a member of the [[Harvest militia]] group. | | He was most likely killed during the engagement on the Tiara by a member of the [[Harvest militia]] group. |
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| ==Sources== | | ==Sources== |
| <references/>
| | {{Ref/Sources}} |
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| [[Category:Brutes (Characters)]] | | [[Category:Jiralhanae characters]] |
| | [[Category:Covenant military personnel]] |
