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{{Status|RealWorld}}
{{Status|RealWorld}}
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'''Sangheili''' is a constructed language created for the ''[[Halo: The Television Series]]'' co-created by linguists [[Wikipedia:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], creator of the Dothraki and Valyrian languages used in ''Game of Thrones'' and Chakobsa language in ''Dune'' (''Parts 1 & 2''){{Ref/Twitter|k_wolfkill|1507493397807788032|Kiki Wolfkill|Quote=@CharlieBMurphy literally learned an entire new language and performed beautifully in that language.  Unreal. Language created by David Peterson who created Dothraki for GoT #HaloWatchParty|D=25|M=03|Y=2022}}, and Carl Buck.{{Ref/Twitter|tlacamazatl|1506947170490060800|C. Buck|Quote=If you have #ParamountPlus, are a fan of #HaloSeries , and enjoy a good #conlang. You might be interested to know that I helped @Dedalvs develop the language for the Covenant.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} Both conlangers began jointly developing the Sangheili language nearly three years prior to the series premiere.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 Archive of Our Own -  Conlang Dialogue: Halo (Paramount+)]</ref> By early [[2022]], Carl Buck estimated they had crafted close to 250 Sangheili words, those being base words and not variations of verbs and nouns. Actress [[Wikipedia:Charlie Murphy (actress)|Charlie Murphy]] learned to speak Sangheili for her role as [[Makee]] on the show and was noted to have done a phenomenal job capturing the emphasis, pitch and pronunciations of the alien language.{{Ref/YouTube|Id=S101|bnJ0Y4So_Cc|Halo The Series|Learn To Speak Sangheili|Y=2023|M=8|D=28}}
'''Sangheili''' is a constructed language created for the ''[[Halo: The Television Series]]'' co-created by linguist [[Wikipedia:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], known for the Dothraki and Valyrian languages used in ''Game of Thrones'' and the Chakobsa language in ''Dune'' (''Parts 1 & 2''){{Ref/Twitter|k_wolfkill|1507493397807788032|Kiki Wolfkill|Quote=@CharlieBMurphy literally learned an entire new language and performed beautifully in that language.  Unreal. Language created by David Peterson who created Dothraki for GoT #HaloWatchParty|D=25|M=03|Y=2022}}, and language creator Carl Buck.{{Ref/Twitter|tlacamazatl|1506947170490060800|C. Buck|Quote=If you have #ParamountPlus, are a fan of #HaloSeries , and enjoy a good #conlang. You might be interested to know that I helped @Dedalvs develop the language for the Covenant.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} Nearly three years before the series premiere, both conlangers began jointly developing a fleshed-out version of the fictional [[Sangheili (language)|Sangheili language]] from the ''[[Halo]]'' universe.{{Ref/Site|URL=https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287|Site=Archive of Our Own|Page=Conlang Dialogue: Halo (Paramount+)|D=17|M=06|Y=2024}} By early [[2022]], Carl Buck estimated they had crafted close to 250 Sangheili words, those being base words and not variations of verbs and nouns. Actress [[Wikipedia:Charlie Murphy (actress)|Charlie Murphy]] learned to speak Sangheili for her role as [[Makee]] on the show and was noted to have done a phenomenal job capturing the emphasis, pitch and pronunciations of the alien language.{{Ref/YouTube|Id=S101|bnJ0Y4So_Cc|Halo The Series|Learn To Speak Sangheili|Y=2023|M=8|D=28}}


Peterson posts transcripts for the words and their translations on his [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Sangheili_language language wiki], as well as in a series of posts on ''Archive of Our Own'', accessible [https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 here]. See also [https://dedalvs.com/work/halo/ David Peterson's records here] and his additional informative [https://www.halopedia.org/Archive:Twitter_-_David_J._Peterson_Sangheili_primer Tweets archived here].
Peterson posts transcripts for the words and their translations on his [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Sangheili_language language wiki], as well as in a series of posts on ''Archive of Our Own'', accessible [https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 here]. See also [https://dedalvs.com/work/halo/ David Peterson's records here] and his additional informative [https://www.halopedia.org/Archive:Twitter_-_David_J._Peterson_Sangheili_primer Tweets archived here].
A full list of terms can be found in our [[Halopedia:Projects/Sangheili - English dictionary|Sangheili-English dictionary here]].
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! colspan="2" | <big>'''Sangheili'''</big>
<span style="font-family:Monospace">'''[san.ɣei.li]'''</span>
|-
! '''Setting'''
| <center>[[Silver Timeline]]</center>
|-
! '''Canonical name'''
| <center>'''Sangheili'''</center>
|-
! '''Aliases'''
|
* Sangheili language
* Covenant
* Covenant language
* Elite
* Elite language
|-
! '''Language code'''
| <center><span style="font-family:Monospace">sanɡ</span></center>
|-
! '''Ancestors'''
|
* Proto-Sangheili
|-
! '''Scripts'''
|
* Latin
|-
! '''Alignment'''
| <center>ergative-absolutive</center>
|-
! '''Head direction'''
| <center>head-final</center>
|}


==Videos==
==Videos==
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{{#widget:YouTube|id=t_5TbFzvyMA|width=300|inline}} {{#widget:YouTube|id=7iEU9mMR7Ng|width=300|inline}} {{#widget:YouTube|id=sS7dXXBmOqU|width=300|inline}} {{#widget:YouTube|id=JsjB9g176EU|width=300|inline}} {{#widget:YouTube|id=Hw73SWQe3iQ|width=300|inline}}
{{#widget:YouTube|id=7iEU9mMR7Ng|width=350|gallery}}
{{#widget:YouTube|id=sS7dXXBmOqU|width=350|gallery}}
{{#widget:YouTube|id=JsjB9g176EU|width=350|gallery}}
{{#widget:YouTube|id=Hw73SWQe3iQ|width=350|gallery}}


==About==
==About==
During the development of Paramount+'s ''Halo'' adaptation, [[343 Industries]] consulted with David Peterson and Carl Buck to examine the Elites as language experts, and then create a more robust and complete Sangheili language which reflected their actual physiology.{{Ref/Site|Id=Debrief|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/silver-debrief-unmasked|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Silver Debrief: Unmasked|D=12|M=3|Y=2024}} The language they devised for the series borrowed minimally from past ''Halo'' material and video games as previous dialogue crafted for Covenant speak was primarily gibberish.{{Ref/Site|Id=Imeimei|URL=https://dedalvs.tumblr.com/post/741879670666100736/re-inspiration-not-really-it-was-all-gibberish|Site=Tumblr|Page=Dedalvs|Quote=Inspiration, not really. It was all gibberish. Specifically, for the later games, they’d just throw the lines into Google Translate, translate them to Japanese, reverse them, and have the voice actors read it. This is rather common for video games.|D=12|M=3|Y=2024}} For instance the word "''domo''" for "human" and the negative "''eya''" come directly from the latter games. The games' famous word "''wort''" for "go" did not fit phonologically and was altered to "''warut'o''."
During the development of Paramount+'s ''Halo'' adaptation, [[343 Industries]] consulted with language expert David Peterson to examine the Elites' mandibles and facial structure and then produce a more robust and complete Sangheili language that reflected their actual physiology. Peterson, in turn, reached out to the conlanging community and recruited military veteran Carl Buck to assist in creating the Sangheili language that would be utilized among the species of the [[Covenant]].{{Ref/Site|Id=Debrief|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/silver-debrief-unmasked|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Silver Debrief: Unmasked|D=12|M=3|Y=2024}}{{Ref/YouTube|Id=YTpod|aXwFu792B6s|Conlangery|Carl Buck on Conlanging for Halo|Y=2024|M=6|D=11}}
 
The creative choices in the language's phonology were guided by the producers and showrunners who desired Sangheili to sound alien and have a word structure similar to Japanese. Working with those parameters, Buck and Peterson infused various concepts of warrior culture into the language, ensuring it reflected the species' martial ethos. One such example is the Sangheili salutation ''"Hait'u ga k'utkho"'', a greeting and parting phrase which translates to "Fight with strength / Fight well."{{Ref/Reuse|Id=YTpod}}
 
{{Listen|title=Carl Buck - "Wort, wort, wort!"
|filename=HTVlang_Wort.mp3
}}
Building on the cultural aspects of the Sangheili race, Peterson and Buck also incorporated metaphorical elements pertaining to the species' distinct physical features and their reptile-like ancestry. They integrated the aliens' unique hinged mandibles into the grammar to convey different levels of certainty. Within the mindset of the Sangheili, utilizing their upper mandible signifies certainty, while using their lower mandible expresses uncertainty.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=YTpod}}
 
The language they devised for the series drew minimally from past ''Halo'' material and video games as previous dialogue crafted for Covenant speak was primarily gibberish.{{Ref/Site|Id=Imeimei|URL=https://dedalvs.tumblr.com/post/741879670666100736/re-inspiration-not-really-it-was-all-gibberish|Site=Tumblr|Page=Dedalvs|Quote=Inspiration, not really. It was all gibberish. Specifically, for the later games, they’d just throw the lines into Google Translate, translate them to Japanese, reverse them, and have the voice actors read it. This is rather common for video games.|D=12|M=3|Y=2024}} For instance the word "''domo''" for "human" and the negative "''eya''" come directly from the latter games. The games' famous word "''wort''" for "go" did not fit phonologically and was altered to "''warut'o.''"


==Overview==
==Overview==
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|  
|  
|}
|}


==Phonetics==
==Phonetics==
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* Sequences of ejectives are not allowed, when one occurs, the second ejective is deglottalized.
* Sequences of ejectives are not allowed, when one occurs, the second ejective is deglottalized.


* Certain sounds that are found in proper names among the Sangheili, which are not part of Sangheili phonology, are treated as approximations resulting from human attempts at Latinizing these names. Because there are no [f], [θ], or [v] sounds in the language, names like [[Thel 'Vadamee]], [[Var 'Gatanai]], and [[Fal 'Chavamee]] are English approximations of ''T'elo Badami'', ''Baro Gat'anai'', and ''P'alo Chabami'', respectively, in Sangheili.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303/chapters/105183123#workskin Archive of Our Own -  Conlang Dialogue: Chapter 6 ]</ref>{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511104056244154368|David J. Peterson|Quote=P and T. Wasn’t too concerned. After all, München becomes Munich in English; Köln Cologne, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511105091167670274|David J. Peterson|Quote=B, I’m that case.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}
* Certain sounds that are found in proper names among the Sangheili, which are not part of Sangheili phonology, are treated as approximations resulting from human attempts at Latinizing these names. Because there are no [f], [θ], or [v] sounds in the language, names like [[Thel 'Vadamee]], [[Var 'Gatanai]], and [[Fal 'Chavamee]] are English approximations of ''T'elo Badami'', ''Baro Gat'anai'', and ''P'alo Chabami'', respectively, in Sangheili.{{Ref/Site|URL=https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303/chapters/105183123#workskin|Site=Archive of Our Own|Page=Conlang Dialogue: Chapter 6|D=17|M=06|Y=2024}}{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511104056244154368|David J. Peterson|Quote=P and T. Wasn’t too concerned. After all, München becomes Munich in English; Köln Cologne, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511105091167670274|David J. Peterson|Quote=B, I’m that case.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress falls on the penultimate syllable if it is heavier than the antepenultimate, otherwise it falls on the antepenultimate. Secondary stress is placed on every other syllable radiating outward from the syllable with main stress. The final syllable never attracts stress, regardless of length.
Stress falls on the penultimate syllable if it is heavier than the antepenultimate, otherwise it falls on the antepenultimate. Secondary stress is placed on every other syllable radiating outward from the syllable with main stress. The final syllable never attracts stress, regardless of length.


==Proposed Sangheili orthography==
==Proposed Sangheili orthography==
The Covenant script that is featured in the show consists of triangular glyphs, visuals directly taken from the ''Halo'' franchise, yet remains nonsensical. David J. Peterson and Carl Buck proposed the creation of a writing script for the series, presenting a crafted sample that envisions a cohesive Sangheili writing system to complement the language they developed. Their conceptualization involved acknowledging the unique phonetics of Sangheili and led them to design a script centered around syllables as the foundational unit. Each syllabic glyph would contain a base consonant with the potential for vowel modifications and additional diacritics to indicate coda consonants when necessary.
The Covenant script that is featured briefly in the show consists of triangular glyphs, visuals directly taken from the Halo franchise, yet remains nonsensical. Early into their project, David J. Peterson and Carl Buck proposed the creation of a writing script for the series, presenting a crafted sample that envisions a cohesive Sangheili writing system to complement the language they developed. Their conceptualization involved acknowledging the unique phonetics of Sangheili and led them to design an abugida, a script centered around syllables as the foundational unit, similar to Tibetan script.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=YTpod}} Each syllabic glyph would contain a base consonant with the potential for vowel modifications and additional diacritics to indicate coda consonants when necessary.


<gallery>
<gallery>
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File:HTV Sangheili Font sample B.jpg
File:HTV Sangheili Font sample B.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Grammar and Morphology==
==Grammar and Morphology==
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:→ '''K'uucho o <u>ruuk'inatan</u> domo''' — ''"the human <u>whom</u> the warrior <u>attacked</u>"''
:→ '''K'uucho o <u>ruuk'inatan</u> domo''' — ''"the human <u>whom</u> the warrior <u>attacked</u>"''
===<u>Head-directionality</u>===
Sangheili is a head-final language, meaning everything comes first while the main head verb (the most important component of a phrase that determines the type of phrase) is relegated to the very end, hence ''head-final''.
:English:
::'''<u>I won't let</u> you take the holy relic.'''
:English (''head-final''):
::'''You holy relic take <u>I will-not-allow</u>.'''
:Sangheili:
::'''K'e o qkhado kheluuga ch'imo <u>jan o t'iswaqkhijaga</u>.'''




===<u>Pronouns</u>===
===<u>Pronouns</u>===
Sangheili has an inclusive / exclusive distinction in its First Person plural pronouns for "we, us" ("Riin" for  <u>''you and us''</u> and "Jaari" for  <u>''us and not you''</u>).  The Sangheili language also recognizes both animate and inanimate entities, but the Third Person singular pronoun "Mu" makes no gender distinction between "he" (masculine) and "she" (feminine), acting neutral as "it, itself, they".  
Sangheili has an inclusive / exclusive distinction in its first-person plural pronouns for "we, us" ("Riin" for  <u>''you and us''</u> and "Jaari" for  <u>''us and not you''</u>).  The Sangheili language also recognizes both animate and inanimate entities, but the third-person singular pronoun "Mu" makes no gender distinction between "he" (masculine) and "she" (feminine), acting neutral as "it, itself, they".  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2 | Personal pronouns !! rowspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural
! rowspan=2 | Personal pronouns !! rowspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural
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! Third Person Inanimate
! Third Person Inanimate
| tkha || colspan=2 | tkhaari
| tkha || colspan=2 | tkhaari
|}
===<u>Noun derivations</u>===
Nouns, as well as verbs, have a series of affixes that produce groups of related or semi-related words that help to differentiate many nuances of meanings.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''akhe'' "hand"; ''khuut'a'' "brood mate"; ''dzuro'' "circumstance"
|-
! Noun > Noun
! V-Initial
! C-Initial (Voiceless)
! C-Initial (Voiced)
|-
! Diminutive<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>ba(gh)-</i></span>
| ''<span style="color:cyan"><i>bagh</i></span>akhe''
| ''<span style="color:cyan"><i>ba</i></span>khuut'a''
| ''<span style="color:cyan"><i>ba</i></span>dzuro''
|-
! Augmentative<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>ch'an-</i></span>
| ''<span style="color:cyan"><i>ch'an</i></span>akhe''
| ''<span style="color:cyan"><i>ch'angh</i></span>uut'a''
| ''<span style="color:cyan"><i>ch'an</i></span>dzuro''
|-
! Place<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-di</i></span>
| ''akhe<span style="color:cyan"><i>di</i></span>''
| ''khuut'a<span style="color:cyan"><i>di</i></span>''
| ''dzuro<span style="color:cyan"><i>di</i></span>''
|-
! Collective<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-ri</i></span>
| ''akhe<span style="color:cyan"><i>ri</i></span>''
| ''khuut'a<span style="color:cyan"><i>ri</i></span>''
| ''dzuro<span style="color:cyan"><i>ri</i></span>''
|}
|}


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===<u>Case Particles / Postpositions</u>===
===<u>Case Particles / Postpositions</u>===
These case particles are placed after a noun to indicate the role they play in a sentence. The ergative and absolutive are grammatical. The vocative case is used for direct address, while the rest pertain to locative functions. Nouns in Sangheili otherwise do not change form to indicate their grammatical role.{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511090947278311427|David J. Peterson|Quote=Cases are, in this case, little tags that let you know what role a noun plays in the sentence. Ergative and absolutive are grammatical; vocative is for direct address; the rest are locative. I’ll explain these.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}
These case particles are placed after a noun to indicate the role they play in a sentence. The ergative and absolutive are grammatical. The vocative case is used for direct address, while the rest pertain to locative functions. Nouns in Sangheili otherwise do not change form to indicate their grammatical role.{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511090947278311427|David J. Peterson|Quote=Cases are, in this case, little tags that let you know what role a noun plays in the sentence. Ergative and absolutive are grammatical; vocative is for direct address; the rest are locative. I’ll explain these.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}
[[File:Sangheili conlang cases.png|thumb|350px|Sangheili locative cases.]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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!Ergative
!Ergative
| o
| o
| Used after a noun to mark it as the subject of a transitive verb (a verb that accepts an object).
| Used after a noun to mark it as the subject of a transitive verb (a verb that can accept one or more objects).
|-style="text-align: center
|-style="text-align: center
!Illative
!Illative
Line 417: Line 512:
| Used to address or gain someone's attention directly. "Hey, Oh, ''O ye''..."
| Used to address or gain someone's attention directly. "Hey, Oh, ''O ye''..."
|}
|}
 
[[File:Sangheili conlang cases.png|thumb|350px|Sangheili has six locative cases, identical to the Finnish and Estonian languages.]]
The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511092864859602944|David J. Peterson|Quote=The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions: Ablative: wele ga “from the ship” Adessive: wele ni “on the ship” Allative: wele oni “to the ship” Elative: wele ba “out of the ship” Illative: wele zhi “into the ship” Inessive: wele me “in the ship"|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}:
The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511092864859602944|David J. Peterson|Quote=The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions: Ablative: wele ga “from the ship” Adessive: wele ni “on the ship” Allative: wele oni “to the ship” Elative: wele ba “out of the ship” Illative: wele zhi “into the ship” Inessive: wele me “in the ship"|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}:


Line 436: Line 531:
! Oni
! Oni
| wele oni  
| wele oni  
| onto the ship
| onto the ship, toward the ship
| Wele oni warut'o!  (''Go to the ship!'')
| Wele oni warut'o!  (''Go to the ship!'')
|-style="text-align: center
|-style="text-align: center
Line 462: Line 557:
*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> zhuro'' - would be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would presumably mean the weapon is one the warrior owns.
*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> zhuro'' - would be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would presumably mean the weapon is one the warrior owns.


*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">ni</span></div> zhuro'' - would also be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">ON</span></div> the warrior". This would imply that the weapon is one the warrior just picked up.
*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">ni</span></div> zhuro'' - would also be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">ON</span></div> the warrior". This would imply the weapon nearby is one the warrior just picked up or happened to have.


*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> nejo <span style="color:orange">ga</span></div> zhuro'' - "the weapon <span style="color:orange">FROM</span></div> the father <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would indicate that the warrior has their father's weapon.
*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> nejo <span style="color:orange">ga</span></div> zhuro'' - "the weapon <span style="color:orange">FROM</span></div> the father <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would indicate that the warrior has their father's weapon.
Line 484: Line 579:
::''Oq'o Ch'awaruut'u <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div>! K'aidon <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div>!''  
::''Oq'o Ch'awaruut'u <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div>! K'aidon <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div>!''  
::<span style="color:yellow">For</span></div> the Great Journey! <span style="color:yellow">For</span></div> the Kaidon!
::<span style="color:yellow">For</span></div> the Great Journey! <span style="color:yellow">For</span></div> the Kaidon!


===<u>Verb instrumental prefixes</u>===
===<u>Verb instrumental prefixes</u>===
Similarly to the [[Wikipedia:Siouan languages|Siouan]] or [[Wikipedia:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan languages]] of the North and Middle Americas, Sangheili has instrumental prefixes that can transform verb bases into entirely new verbs.{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511100010951110656|David J. Peterson|Quote=The other big table up there has less to do with grammar than the lexicon. The instrumental prefixes are used to derive new verbs from verb bases. It’s a little like how we have verbs like “deduce”, “produce”, “induce”, “adduce”, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} The following 12 prefixes are routinely used to form a range of derivations.
Similarly to the [[Wikipedia:Siouan languages|Siouan]] or [[Wikipedia:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan languages]] of the North and Middle Americas, Sangheili has instrumental prefixes that can transform verb bases into entirely new verbs.{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511100010951110656|David J. Peterson|Quote=The other big table up there has less to do with grammar than the lexicon. The instrumental prefixes are used to derive new verbs from verb bases. It’s a little like how we have verbs like “deduce”, “produce”, “induce”, “adduce”, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} The following 12 prefixes are routinely used to form a range of derivations and express how something is done.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| ch'ano (head)
| ch'ano (head)
| utilizing the head
| utilizing the head
| ''ch'an'' + qkhoso (to walk) → ch'anqkhoso (to run)
| ''ch'aa'' + mosik'o (to understand) → ch'aamosik'o (to understand well)
|-style="text-align: center
|-style="text-align: center
! dzu (m/n)-
! dzu (m/n)-
Line 520: Line 616:
| akke (hand)
| akke (hand)
| general instrumental; also specifically utilizing the hand
| general instrumental; also specifically utilizing the hand
| ''khe'' + ch'imo (to collect) → khech'imo (to bring)
| ''khe'' + ch'imo (to collect) → khech'imo (to retrieve)
|-style="text-align: center
|-style="text-align: center
! juu (n)-
! juu (n)-
Line 554: Line 650:
|}
|}


*Suffixes also play a role in forming additional derivations in verbs. A common suffix, '''-jo''', is utilized for forming agent nouns (e.g. teach''-er'', visit''-ors''). Another suffix, '''-t'u''' (or '''-tu'''), is employed to create nominalizations.
*Suffixes also play a role in forming additional derivations in verbs. A common suffix, '''-jo''', is utilized for forming agent nouns (e.g. teach''-er'', visit''-ors'').


::*'''Maaro''' (seek) → '''maarojo''' (search team, searchers)
::*'''Maaro''' (seek) → '''maarojo''' (search team, searchers)


::*'''Moq'aara''' (have faith) → '''moq'aajo''' (zealots)
::*'''Moq'aara''' (have faith) → '''moq'aajo''' (zealots)
*Another suffix, '''-t'u''' (or '''-tu'''), is employed to create nominalizations.


::*'''Ts'aha''' (be at) → '''ts'ahat'u''' (presence)
::*'''Ts'aha''' (be at) → '''ts'ahat'u''' (presence)


::*'''Hai''' (be able / have ability) → '''hait'u''' (strength, might)
::*'''Hai''' (be able / have ability) → '''hait'u''' (strength, might)
*The suffix '''-q'u''' (or '''-qu''') in Sangheili means "to make," "cause to be," "render," or "become." It transforms regular verbs into causative verbs, indicating an action that causes something to happen or come into being.
::*'''T'iya''' (to live) → '''t'iyaq'u''' (to bring to life, cause to manifest)
::*'''Ruq'ota''' (to burn) → '''ruq'otaq'u''' (to burn something, to incinerate)
::*'''Oq'o''' (be honorable) → '''oq'oqu''' (to render honor to something or someone)
===<u>Verb derivations</u>===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''jaya'' "to come"; ''k'utkho'' "to fight"; ''buulo'' "to be high"
|-
! Verb > Verb
! V-Final
! C-Final (Voiceless)
! C-Final (Voiced)
|-
! Causative<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-q'u / -qu</i></span>
| ''jaya<span style="color:cyan">q'u</span>''
| ''k'u<span style="color:cyan">uqu</span>''
| ''b<span style="color:cyan">wiq'u</span>''
|-
! Abilitive<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-ala / -la</i></span>
| ''jaya<span style="color:cyan">la</span>''
| ''k'utkh<span style="color:cyan">ala</span>''
| ''b<span style="color:cyan">wiyala</span>''
|-
! Continuative<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>q'(a)-</i></span>
| ''<span style="color:cyan">q'a</span>jaya''
| ''<span style="color:cyan">q'a</span>k'utkho''
| ''<span style="color:cyan">q'a</span>buulo''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''jaya'' "to come"; ''k’utkho'' "to fight"; ''buulo'' "to be high"
|-
! Verb > Noun
! V-Final
! C-Final (Voiceless)
! C-Final (Voiced)
|-
! Qualitative Nominalization<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-t'u / -tu</i></span>
| ''jaya<span style="color:cyan">t'u</span>''
| ''k'u<span style="color:cyan">utu</span>''
| ''b<span style="color:cyan">wit'u</span>''
|-
! Place Nominalization<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-mo</i></span>
| ''jaya<span style="color:cyan">mo</span>''
| ''k'u<span style="color:cyan">umo</span>''
| ''b<span style="color:cyan">wimo</span>''
|-
! Instrument Nominalization<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-gha / -ga / -ka</i></span>
| ''jaya<span style="color:cyan">gha</span>''
| ''k'u<span style="color:cyan">uka</span>''
| ''b<span style="color:cyan">wiga</span>''
|-
! Individual Nominalization<br><span style="color:cyan"><i>-jo / -cho</i></span>
| ''jaya<span style="color:cyan">jo</span>''
| ''k'u<span style="color:cyan">ucho</span>''
| ''b<span style="color:cyan">wijo</span>''
|}




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* Verbs in both the indicative and interrogative modes have positive and negative forms as well.
* Verbs in both the indicative and interrogative modes have positive and negative forms as well.


Other aspects and question forms:
[[File:Sangheili conlang verbs.png|thumb|350px|Sangheili verb paradigm.]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Verb Paradigm for Dynamic and Stative Verbs'''
|-
! V-Final
! colspan="2" | Dynamic <br><small>Bekkha "to breathe"</small>
! colspan="2" | Stative <br><small>K'aacho "to be useful"</small>
|-
!
! Positive
! Negative
! Positive
! Negative
|-
! 1. Bare
| ''bekkha''
| ''bekkheya''
| ''k'aacho''
| ''k'aachoya''
|-
! 2. Reduplicative
| ''baabekkha''
| ''baabekkheya''
| ''k'aagach'o''
| ''k'aagach'oya''
|-
! 3. Inceptive
| ''bekkhekhi''
| ''bekkheye''
| ''k'aachwekhi''
| ''k'aachoye''
|-
! 4. Completive
| ''bekkhatan''
| ''bekkhitan''
| ''k'aachotan''
| ''k'aachwetan''
|-
! 5. Declarative
| ''bekkhajo''
| ''bekkhijo''
| ''k'aachojo''
| ''k'aachwejo''
|-
! 6. Witnessed
| ''bekkhaji''
| ''bekkhiji''
| ''k'aachoji''
| ''k'aachweji''
|-
! 7. Overheard
| ''bekkhajen''
| ''bekkhijen''
| ''k'aachojen''
| ''k'aachwejen''
|-
! 8. Prospective
| ''bekkhajaga''
| ''bekkhijaga''
| ''k'aachojaga''
| ''k'aachwejaga''
|}
 
 
====Other aspects and question forms====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Dynamic Verbs !! Stative Verbs !! Suffix
! !! Dynamic Verbs !! Stative Verbs !! Suffix
|-
|-
! Negation
! Negation
| Reverse action || Contrary state || -eya
| Reverse action || Contrary state || -eya (or -ya)
|-
|-
! Ability
! Ability
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|-
|-
! Yes or No Question
! Yes or No Question
| - || - || -jahe<ref>[https://twitter.com/Dedalvs/status/1511098687816028169 Twitter - David J. Peterson]</ref> (or -chahe) and is attached to a reduced set of 4 tenses: Bare, Reduplicative, Inceptive, and Completive.
| - || - || -jahe{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511098687816028169|David J. Peterson|Quote=Something that’s missing from these are the question forms. When asking a yes/no question, there are special forms for the verbs used with a reduced set of tenses (4). You’ll hear them when questions are asked.|D=17|M=06|Y=2024}} (or -chahe) and is attached to a reduced set of 4 tenses: <br> Bare, Reduplicative, Inceptive, and Completive.
|}
|}


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===<u>Copular constructions</u>===
===<u>Copular constructions</u>===
Sangheili generally uses zero-copula constructions, meaning the copular verb "to be" (and its forms: am, is, are) is often dropped from sentences when the meaning is understood from the context.
Sangheili generally uses zero-copula constructions, meaning the copular verb "to be" (and its forms: am, is, are, was) is often dropped from sentences when the meaning is understood from the context.


::* ''K'uucho haala.'' — The warrior is strong. ("The warrior strong")
::* ''K'uucho haala.'' — The warrior is strong. ("The warrior strong")
Line 666: Line 893:
===<u>Demonstratives</u>===
===<u>Demonstratives</u>===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Type !! Adjective !! Singular !! Plural !! Adverb
! rowspan=2 | Type !! rowspan=2 | Adjective / Determiner !! colspan=2 | Pronoun !! rowspan=2 | Adverb
|-align="center"
! Singular !! Plural
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
! Proximal (near the speaker)
! Proximal (near the speaker)
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|-align="center"
|-align="center"
! Negative (indicating absence)
! Negative (indicating absence)
| ii - ''no, not''|| colspan=2 | ngajo - ''none, no one''|| ngamaas - ''nowhere''
| ii - ''no, not''|| colspan=2 | ngajo - ''none, no one''|| ngamaas - ''no way, nowhere''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|}
|}


==Sangheili lines & outtakes by David Peterson==
===<u>Numerals</u>===
Sangheili uses a base eight numeral system:
 
''e.g.'' <math>[...,\frac{512}{8^3}, \frac{64}{8^2}, \frac{8}{8^1}, \frac{1}{8^0} ]</math>
 
:*''Domo ch'ishan'' — ''human three&eight'':  (13<sub> base-8</sub> = 11 <sub>base-10</sub>)
:*''Eleven humans''.
 
The suffix -''ngo'' is used to mark ordinals.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sangheili Numerals
! Cardinal Numbers !! Base-8 !! Ordinal Numbers !! Cardinal Numbers (cont.)
|-
| '''0''' - Nga || '''0''' || ||
|-
| '''1''' - Ju || '''1''' || '''1st''' - Jungo || '''20''' - (24<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuak'unan
|-
| '''2''' - K'ung (-ku) || '''2''' || '''2nd''' - K'ungo || '''21''' - (25<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuak'uro
|-
| '''3''' - Ch'i || '''3''' || '''3rd''' - Ch'ingo || '''30''' - (36<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuach'ighu
|-
| '''4''' - Nan || '''4''' || '''4th''' - Nango || '''40''' - (50<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuaro
|-
| '''5''' - Ros (-ro) || '''5''' || '''5th''' - Rongo || '''50''' - (62<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuaghuku
|-
| '''6''' - Ghu || '''6''' || '''6th''' - Ghungo || '''60''' - (74<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuadzonnan
|-
| '''7''' - Dzon || '''7''' || '''7th''' - Dzongo || '''70''' - (106<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuashan ghu
|-
| '''8''' - Shan || '''10''' || '''8th''' - Shango || '''80''' - (120<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuak'ushan
|-
| '''9''' - Jushan || '''11''' || '''9th''' - Jushango || '''90''' - (132<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuach'ishan k'ung
|-
| '''10''' - K'ushan || '''12''' || '''10th''' - K'ushango || '''100''' - (144<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuananshan nan
|-
| '''11''' - Ch'ishan || '''13''' || '''11th''' - Ch'ishango || '''101''' - (145<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuananshan ros
|-
| '''12''' - Nanshan || '''14''' || '''12th''' - Nanshango || '''111''' - (157<sub> base-8</sub>) - yuaroshan dzon
|-
| '''13''' - Roshan || '''15''' || '''13th''' - Roshango || '''144''' - (220<sub> base-8</sub>) - baashkhi
|-
| '''14''' - Ghushan || '''16''' || '''14th''' - Ghushango ||
|-
| '''15''' - Dzonshan || '''17''' || '''15th''' - Dzonshango ||
|}
 
==Sangheili lines & outtakes==


{{Center|— [[Halopedia:Projects/Season 1 Sangheili dialogue|Season 1 Sangheili Dialogue]] —}}
{{Center|— [[Halopedia:Projects/Season 1 Sangheili dialogue|Season 1 Sangheili Dialogue]] —}}
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{{Center|''* Denotes a word's spelling has not been confirmed.''}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Samples
|+ Samples
|-
|-
| Jan David *ngitkha. || My name is David.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}}
| Jan David ngiit'a. || My name is David. ''or'' I am called David.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}}
|-
|-
| Hait'u ga k'utkho! || From strength, fight! ''or''  Fight with strength! (<small>Used by Sangheili as both a greeting and a farewell.</small>){{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}}
| Hait'u ga k'utkho! || From strength, fight! ''or''  Fight with strength! (<small>Used by Sangheili as both a greeting and a farewell.</small>){{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}}
|-
|-
| Jan o moa ba ngani rotkho *p'onji. || I will eat a [[moa]] burger. ''or''  I will eat moa flesh.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}}
| Jan o moa ba ngani rotkho pkhonji. || I will eat a [[moa]] burger. ''or''  I will eat moa flesh.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}}
|-
|-
| Qkhe p'os. Sugakho. || (Oh shit) ([[Needler]])
| Qkhe p'os, Sugakho. || Oh shit, [[Needler]].
|-
|-
| Yodu Shandi ni Ch'awaruut'u ba pumo jayajaga. || Soon the Covenant will begin it's Great Journey. (Soon the start of the Covenant's Great Journey will come.)
| Yodu Shandi ni Ch'awaruut'u ba pumo jayajaga. || Soon the Covenant will begin it's Great Journey. (Soon the dawn of the Covenant's Great Journey will come.)
|}
|}


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|+ Episode 101
|+ Episode 101
|-
|-
| Makee || Q'iitu. Et'o zwari. Maasa ghwiri k'e o jan ni changongo oni jayatan. || Mercy. Welcome. It's been a long time since you've visited my chambers.
| Makee || Q'iitu. Et'o zwari. Maasa ghwiri k'e o jan ni ch'angongo oni jayatan. || Mercy. Welcome. It's been a long time since you've visited my chambers.
|-
|-
| Mercy || Yap'o dzuro ba jayatan jan itskhaji. || I wish I came under better circumstances.
| Mercy || Yap'o dzuro ba jayatan jan itskhaji. || I wish I came under better circumstances.
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| Mercy || Eya, T'elo Badami. Jaari oni ghabaat'u ni, buut'u ze ruuq'ontu ba ch'anopkhuutu jayajaga. || No, Thel 'Vadamee. For our shame,  your redemption will come through penance and reeducation.
| Mercy || Eya, T'elo Badami. Jaari oni ghabaat'u ni, buut'u ze ruuq'ontu ba ch'anopkhuutu jayajaga. || No, Thel 'Vadamee. For our shame,  your redemption will come through penance and reeducation.
|-
|-
| Thel || Hirajo me haat'u o mu o riin ni ch'anqkhoso moshkhaachen tkhazhi tkha o ghashank'o oni me mos ba nizhi moshkhaachahe? || If the abilities of the Blessed One mean she is meant to be with us, do they not mean the same for the demon?
| Thel || Hirajo me haat'u o mu o riin ni ch'aqkhosa moshkhaachen tkhazhi tkha o ghashank'o oni me mos ba nizhi moshkhaachahe? || If the abilities of the Blessed One mean she is meant to be with us, do they not mean the same for the demon?
|-
|-
| Thel || Juukhojo Q'iitu. K'aidon me mos ba, ghuuri maasa jan o domo k'uutan. Ghashank'o jan o chkha'ala nizhi matkhala, tkhazhi jan o modujitan gha khech'imala. Tkhet'a ga, jan o ch'anopkhola jan oni t'iswaqkho. || Prophet Mercy. As a kaidon, I have fought with the humans many times. I can hunt and kill the demon, and retrieve what I have lost. Please, allow me to redeem myself.
| Thel || Juukhojo Q'iitu. K'aidon me mos ba, ghuuri maasa jan o domo k'uutan. Ghashank'o jan o chkha'ala nizhi matkhala, tkhazhi jan o modujitan gha khech'imala. Tkhet'a ga, jan o ch'anopkhola jan oni t'iswaqkho. || Prophet Mercy. As a kaidon, I have fought with the humans many times. I can hunt and kill the demon, and retrieve what I have lost. Please, allow me to redeem myself.
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| Makee || Nizhi muuri? || And them?
| Makee || Nizhi muuri? || And them?
|-
|-
| Makee || Daagheya, Q'iitu. Riin o t'onguutan zhaan o k'e mojaya. Tkha zhaan me baazhi ni chkhan q'unqa jan o qkhit'uji--jan me muuri oni maaziit'u mosa. || No need to worry, Mercy. You remember the day we met. I've tried to forget everything that came before that day--everything except my hatred for them.
| Makee || Daaghaya, Q'iitu. Riin o t'onguutan zhaan o k'e mojaya. Tkha zhaan me baazhi ni chkhan q'unqa jan o qkhit'uji--jan me muuri oni maaziit'u mosa. || No need to worry, Mercy. You remember the day we met. I've tried to forget everything that came before that day--everything except my hatred for them.
|-
|-
| Makee || Q'iitu. Riin o t'onguutan zhaan o jan nizhi mojaya. Domo o jan zhi ruutskhaatan gha o jan mojaya. Jan me muuri oni maaziit'u o jan nizhi mojaya pkha. || Mercy. I also remember the day we met. I remember what the humans did to me, and I remember my hatred for them.
| Makee || Q'iitu. Riin o t'onguutan zhaan o jan nizhi mojaya. Domo o jan zhi ruutskhaatan gha o jan mojaya. Jan me muuri oni maaziit'u o jan nizhi mojaya pkha. || Mercy. I also remember the day we met. I remember what the humans did to me, and I remember my hatred for them.
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|+ Episode 104
|+ Episode 104
|-
|-
| Sangheili || Yojo oni ikhi. || Switching to (Needler).
| Sangheili || Yojo oni ikhi. || Switching to needler.
|-
|-
| Sangheili || Qkhe p'os, Jan ni khobuugha! || Oh shit, my gun!
| Sangheili || Qkhe p'os, Jan ni khobuugha! || Oh shit, my gun!
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==Sangheili war chant : ''The Ballad of Kel 'Darsam''==
==Sangheili war chant : ''The Ballad of Kel 'Darsam''==
A poem was crafted for the series inspired by the [[Ballad of Kel 'Darsam]] in [[Joseph Staten]]'s short novel, ''[[Halo: Shadow of Intent]]''. In the show, this ballad is sung as a Sangheili war chant. The line ''"K'iis o aamu ni mu maaroji"'' can be heard in [[Transcendence]], the ninth and final episode of the first season. {{Ref/Site|Id=SDT|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/silver-debrief-transcendence|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Silver Debrief: Transcendence|D=22|M=08|Y=2023}} The following are only the first eight lines of a lengthier poem.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303?view_full_work=true Archive of Our Own -  Conlang Dialogue: The Ballad of Kel Darsam ]</ref>
A poem was crafted for the series inspired by the [[Ballad of Kel 'Darsam]] in [[Joseph Staten]]'s short novel, ''[[Halo: Shadow of Intent]]''. In the show, this ballad is sung as a Sangheili war chant. The line ''"K'iis o aamu ni mu maaroji"'' can be heard in [[Transcendence]], the ninth and final episode of the first season. {{Ref/Site|Id=SDT|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/silver-debrief-transcendence|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Silver Debrief: Transcendence|D=22|M=08|Y=2023}} The following are only the first eight lines of a lengthier poem.{{Ref/Site|URL=https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303?view_full_work=true|Site=Archive of Our Own|Page=Conlang Dialogue: The Ballad of Kel Darsam|D=17|M=06|Y=2024}}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 911: Line 1,185:
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Vocabulary List==
===Transcribed words===
The following words were transcribed phonetically and showcased in Episode 4 of the TV series.
*[saŋ.ɣe.li] - "sangheli" : Sangheili
*[xo.bu] - "khobu" : shoot
*[ki:.'gia:.ra] - "kiigiaara" : Kig-Yar
*[ɣa.ˈʃaŋ.k'o.] - "ghashank'o" : demon
*[o.' q'o.ga.xa] : "oq'ogakha" : Keystone
*[tʃ'aŋ.'ga.go.mo] - "ch'anggagomo" : Halo
*[sˣu.tʃo] - "skhucho" : Down
*[do.tʃo] - "docho" : Up


===Basic Nouns / Names===
==Vocabulary==
A full vocabulary list can be found here: [[Halopedia:Projects/Sangheili - English dictionary|Sangheili-English dictionary]].
===Basic Nouns===
*''Buulo Ch'awaat'u'' : [[High Charity]]
*''Buulo Ch'awaat'u'' : [[High Charity]]
*''Ch'adomo'' : Spartan(s)
*''Ch'adomo'' : Spartan(s)
Line 936: Line 1,201:
*''Hirajo'' : Blessed One
*''Hirajo'' : Blessed One
*''Juukhojo'' : Prophet(s)
*''Juukhojo'' : Prophet(s)
*''Kiigiyaara'' : [[Kig-Yar]]
*''Maduriga'': [[Madrigal]]
*''Maduriga'': [[Madrigal]]
*''Mak'ii'' : [[Makee]]
*''Mak'ii'' : [[Makee]]
Line 944: Line 1,210:
*''Shak'o'' : The Path, the way
*''Shak'o'' : The Path, the way
*''Shandi'' : [[The Covenant]], the alliance
*''Shandi'' : [[The Covenant]], the alliance
*''T'injuqkhuujo'' : [[Arbiter|The Arbiter]]
*''T'inguqkhuujo'' : [[Arbiter|The Arbiter]]
 
===A===
*''aamu'' : god(s), deity(ies)
*''akke'' : hand
 
===B===
*''ba'' : [postposition] : out of, out from (elative) ; of (genitive)
*''baan'' : spine ''or'' back, behind
*''baashi'' : ceremony
*''baashkhi'' : hundreds
*''baaska'' : trap
*''baat'u'' : safety
*''bats'a'' : (v.) to bind, to be bound
*''baazhi'' : before, prior
*''baghiit'u'' : ignorance
*''bak'ontu'' : justice, righteousness
*''bakha'' : (v.) to burst, to explode
**''baabakha'' : (Reduplicative Form)
*''bambit'a'' : (v.) to promise something to someone, to hold in reserve or specially something for someone (derived from the verb: bit'a)
*''bambit'agha'' : promise, oath, vow
*''banechkha'' : (v.) to move aside, to move apart
*''banghaina'' : (v.) to sense, to detect, to perceive (derived from the verb: ghaina)
*''bank'utkho'' : (v.) to defend, to resist (derived from k'utkho, bank'utkho literally means "to fight with the back" and by metaph. extension, "to fight back")
*''baqkhat'a'' : shield, defenses; (v.) to shield, to shelter (derived from the verb: qkhat'a)
*''Baro'' : [Proper Noun] : A male given name. Latinized as Var. — '''Baro Gat'anai'''
*''bekkhajo'' : creature, animal
*''bit'a'' : (v.) to bear, to carry, to hold
*''bit'agha'' : container, holder, vessel
*''bojo'' : mother(s)
*''Buulo Ch'awaat'u'' : [Proper Noun] : [[High Charity]]
 
===C===
*''ch'aamosik'o'' : (v.) to better understand, to comprehend (derived from the verb: mosik'o)
*''ch'adomo'' : spartan(s)
*''ch'adonu'' : (v.) to notice, to pay attention (derived from the verb: donu)
*''ch'adzuma'' : dangerous
*''ch'amaaro'' :  (v.) to look at, to glance at (derived from the verb: maaro)
*''ch'ambuujo'' : hierarch(s)
*''ch'ana'' : (v.) to read
*''ch'anaani'' : pillar
*''ch'anggaaya'' : over-valuable
*''ch'anggagomo'' : the sacred ring
*''ch'anghutkho'' : combat, skirmish
*''ch'anik'o'' : (v.) to see
*''ch'ano'' : head
*''ch'anopkho'' : (v.) to atone, to redeem a fault (derived from the verb: opkho)
*''ch'anopkhuutu'' : redemption
*''ch'anoq'o'' : great nobility
*''ch'anqi'' : extinction
*''ch'anqkhat'a'' : roof, top part
*''ch'anqkhoso'' : (v.) to run (derived from the verb: qkhoso)
*''ch'anzap'atu'' : great victory
*''ch'apkhaat'u'' : grace
*''ch'aqkhosa'' : (v.) to push forward
*''ch'awaat'u'' : charity
*''ch'awaqkho'' : (v.) to restore (derived from the verb: waqkho)
*''ch'i'' : third
*''ch'imo'' : (v.) to take, to get, to gather, to collect
*''ch'in'' : (v.) to take, to seize (ch'in literally means to stab; to pierce)
**''chinjin'' : (Reduplicative Form) were stabbing
*''changongo'' : chamber, room
*''chkha'a'' : (v.) to hunt, to pursue
**''chkhaaja'a'' : (Reduplicative Form)
*''chkhan'' : all, whole, entire
**''chkhan ba'' : all by
**''chkhan ni'' : over all
*''chkhugimo'' : altar
*''chkhuung'' : such that, so that
 
===D===
*''daagha'' : (v.) to worry
**''daagheya'' : worry not
*''diibe'' : place, where (conjunction), in / to a place, at / from which (See also: ghaadi)
*''dokkhat'u'' : kindness
*''domo'' : human(s)
*''donu'' : (v.) to rotate, to twist, to turn around
**''daadonu'' : (Reduplicative Form)
*''duje'' : (v.) to molt
*''dunga'' : world, planet
*''dzana'' : woman, mortal female
*''dzima'' : brave
*''dzuch'in'' : (v.) to steal (derived from the verb: ch'in)
*''dzuk'utkho'' : (v.) to battle, to do battle with (derived from the verb: k'utkho)
**''dzuk'uuchi'' : battled
*''dzukhunt'u'' : dominance
*''dzumbit'a'' : (v.) to wield (presumably a weapon) (derived from the verb: bit'a)
*''dzumema'' : (v.) to conquer, to subjugate (derived from the verb: ema)
*''dzumu'' : (v.) to be sharp
*''dzuqkhost'u'' : treachery
*''dzushkhop'o'' : (v.) to aim, to target (derived from the verb: shkhop'o)
*''dzushkhoomo'' : target
*''dzuutu'' : danger, peril
 
===E===
*''ema'' : (v.) to mount, to get on
**''aamema'' : (Reduplicative Form)
*''et'o'' : blades, swords
*''et'ojo'' : swordsman(men)
*''eya'' : no, or to negate something (if added at end of a verb)
 
===G===
*''ga'' : [postposition] : from, away from (ablative) ; of (genitive)
*''gadi'' : lower mandible
*''gaibaat'u'' : fortune, riches
*''gaibakha'' : (v.) to happen, to occur, to befall (derived from the verb: bakha)
*''gaich'in'' : (v.) to be wrong (derived from the verb: ch'in)
*''gaiduje'' : (v.) to sully, to dirty, to pollute (derived from the verb: duje)
*''gaighap'awa'' : (v.) to offend (derived from the verb: ghap'awa)
*''gaijaat'u'' : malfunction
*''gaijaya'' :  (v.) to approach, to come near, to draw close (derived form the verb: jaya)
*''gaik'ina'' : (v.) to regret (derived from the verb: k'ina)
*''gaik'inat'u'' : regret
*''gaikhawa'' : (v.) to guess, to predict (derived from the verb: khawa)
*''gaikkhaajo'' : ones who believe, believers
*''gaikkhat'a'' : (v.) to believe, to anticipate
*''gaimaaro'' : (v.) to hope, to hope for, to expect (derived from the verb: maaro)
*''gaiwarut'o'' : (v.) to become lost, to be astray (derived from the verb: warut'o)
*''gakha'' : rocks, stones
*''gawaacho'' : priest(s)
*''gazhumaaka'' : alert; (v.) to alert, to warn, to give warning to
*''gha'' : what (pronoun)
*''ghaaba'' : (v.) to decay, to rot
**''ghaagaba'' : (Reduplicative Form)
*''ghaadi'' : where, in what place or position (See also: diibe)
*''ghaamos'' : why, how come
*''ghaakhe'' : how much
*''ghaasha'' : how
*''ghaazhi'' : [causal conjunction]  (Because..., So..., For..., And if..., When...)
*''ghachkha'a'' : (v.) to track, to follow (derived from the verb: chkha'a)
*''ghaina'' : (v.) to hear
*''ghajaya'' : (v.) to return, to come back (derived from the verb: jaya)
*''ghakhawa'' : (v.) to blaspheme (derived from the verb: khawa)
*''ghakhot'u'' : blasphemy
*''ghamaaziit'u'' : jealousy
*''ghap'awa'' : (v.) to step
*''ghap'awagha'' : step
*''ghaq'aaga'' : map, chart
*''ghashango'' : (v.) to accompany, to follow to join
*''ghashank'o'' : demon, monster
**''baghashank'o'' : little demon, imp
*''ghat'iiwa'' : (v.) to hesitate, to delay (derived from the verb: t'iiwa)
**''ghat'iiweya'' : do not hesitate
*''ghats'aha'' : (v.) to be situated, to lie in place, to remain (derived from the verb: ts'aha)
*''ghats'aatu'' : remainder, remaining
*''ghu'' : [postposition] : O (vocative) (Occurs with the addressed or called-out elements.)
*''ghunu'' : (v.) to destroy, to eliminate (See also: ruubakha)
*''ghuuri'' : many, much
*''goja'' : top, above
*''guro'' : (v.) to want, to desire, to wish
*''guujo'' : ones who guide
*''guulo'' : master(s)
*''gwigha'' : direction, instruction, orders
 
===H===
*''haala'' : strong
**''haali'' : stronger
*''haanga'' : kind, ilk, allied
*''haat'u'' : ability
*''haazhi'' : once, as soon as
*''hai'' : (v.) to be able to
*''hait'u'' : strength, power, might
*''hira'' : (v.) to bless, to praise
*''hirat'u'' : blessing, praising
*''hirajo'' : ones who are blessed
*''hodu'' : (v.) to wait, to pause (and by extension: to await)
*''hunt'u'' : radiation, radiance
 
===I===
*''ii'' : [negative demonstrative determiner] : no, not
*''iiku'' : (v.) to know (information), to be familiar with
**''iik'uya'' : know not
*''iit'u'' : information, knowledge
*''ik'o'' : eye(s)
*''ikhi'' : now, presently
**''ikhi baazhi'' : previously
**''ikhi eya'' : not yet, not now
**''ikhi ga'' : right now, right away
**''ikhi jaya'' : come quickly, come now
*''ine'' : this, this one; proximal demonstrative singular pronoun
 
===J===
*''jaari'' : [First Person Plural pronoun] : we, us, ourselves (exclusive of you)
*''jaja'' : maybe, perhaps
*''jan'' : [First Person Singular pronoun] : I, me, myself
*''jaya'' : (v.) to come, to arrive
**''jejaya'' : (Reduplicative Form)
**''jayaleya'' : can not arrive
*''ju'' : one
*''juq'u'' : (v.) to connect, to join, to unite
*''juubaat'u'' : destiny, fate
*''juubit'a'' : (v.) to secure (derived from the verb: bit'a)
*''juuch'in'' : (v.) to accept, to adopt, to embrace (Also "to appreciate" and "to be grateful") (derived from the verb: ch'in)
*''juuch'imo'' : (v.) to accept (in a broad sense), to take (receive) (derived from the verb: ch'imo)
*''juudonu'' : (v.) to flank (derived from the verb: donu)
*''juukhawa'' : (v.) to claim, to declare, to profess (derived from the verb: khawa)
*''juukhojo'' : ones who prophesy, prophet(s)
*''juukhot'u'' : prophecy
*''juuluumo'' : legacy
*''juumatkha'' : (v.) to kill with certainty (derived from the verb: matkha)
*''juun'' : upper mandible
*''juunduje'' : (v.) to make look good, act good, perform well (derived from the verb: duje)
*''juunik'o'' : (v.)  to foresee, to see ahead
*''juunik'otu'' : sight, seeing
*''juusatkha'' : of course (from the verb: satkha)
*''juusiit'a'' : (v.) to summon, to invoke (derived from the verb: siit'a)
*''juutkhaadola'' : enough
*''juutkhola'' : enough
*''juutkhaat'u'' : defeat
 
===K===
*''k'aachot'u'' : effectively
*''k'aaje'' : shame, fall; (v.) to shame
*''k'aidon'' : kaidon
*''k'e'' : [Second Person Singular pronoun] : you, yourself
*''K'elo'' : [Proper Noun] : A male given name. Latinized as Kel. — '''K'elo Daasamu'''
*''k'ena'' : (v.) to choose, to select, to decide on
*''k'enjo'' : ones who are chosen
*''k'iri'' : [Second Person Plural pronoun] : you, you all, yourselves
*''k'iis'' : light
*''k'iisho'' : [[luminary]]
*''k'ina'' : (v.) to bite
*''k'o'' : or
*''k'ondi'' : door, gate, entrance
*''k'onwele'' : tank
*''k'umas'' : again, once more
*''k'ung'' : both
*''k'unjo'' : another, others, the rest
*''k'utkho'' : (v.) to fight
*''k'uucho'' : warrior(s), fighter(s)
*''khaayagha'' : profit, benefit
*''khaayajo'' : someone of worth, value, or importance
*''khawa'' : (v.) to say
*''khayema'' : (v.) to scale by hand (derived from the verb: ema)
*''khebit'a'' : (v.) to have, to possess, to retain (derived from the verb: bit'a)
*''khebit'ajo'' : one who possesses a common quality, ones with a similarity
*''khech'imo'': (v.) to retrieve, to get and bring back, to reclaim (derived from the verb: ch'imo)
*''khekhawa'' : (v.) to respond (derived from the verb: khawa)
*''kheluuga'' : artifact, relic
*''khemaarojo'' : ones who spy, spies
*''khis'' : mongrel
*''khisho'' : pest
*''khobu'' : (v.) to fire (from a weapon),  to shoot
**''khobuuya'' : hold fire, cease firing, do not shoot
**''khuughobu'' : (Reduplicative Form) were shooting, were firing
*''khobuugha'' : gun, firearm
*''khoya'' : wise
*''khuut'a'' : brother(s), kin, same
*''khuzho'' : [Reflexive Pronoun] : one's self; myself, yourself, themselves, itself
*''kkhaaya'' : (v.) to be worthy, to have value, to matter
**''kkhaayeya'' : not worthy, hardly worth
*''kkhadza'' : (v.) to be correct, to be right
**''kkhagadza'' : (Reduplicative Form) correct, that's right
*''kkhadzat'u'' : right , rightful
*''kkhago'' : ring, circle ; (v.) to circle, to surround
*''kkhosa'' : (v.) to flee
*''kkhotskha'' : (v.) to be ruined, to have been put in a broken or fallen state
 
===L===
*''la'ajo'' : twin, partner, counterpart
*''lakhi'' : (v.) to rise up, to ascend
*''loshkho'' : (v.) to show
**''loloshkho'' : (Reduplicative Form) is revealing
*''luk'a'' : spear, pike
*''luuka'' : blood
 
===M===
*''maaro'' : (v.) to find, to look for, to seek
**''maamaro'' : (Reduplicative Form)
***''q'amaamaro'' : keep on searching
**''q'amaaro'' : keep looking, continue looking
*''maarot'u'' : a search, exploration, quest
*''maasa'' : time, point in time, period
*''maaziit'u'' : revenge, hatred, vendetta
*''maikhu'' : tool, device
*''maskhit'u'' : temper
*''matkha'' : (v.) to kill, to slay
**''matkhaji'' : killed, slew
**''matkhaya'' : do not kill
*''me'' : [postposition] : in, inside, inside of (inessive) ; of (genitive)
*''mech'imo'' : (v.) to take with, to bring, to obtain (derived from the verb: ch'imo)
*''mech'in'' : (v.) to cut, to rip
*''mechkhuut'u'' : redemption
*''meghizit'u'' : mission
*''mejaya'' : (v.) to prepare, to be ready
**''mejayajo'' : preparing
**''mejayaq'u'' : get equipped
*''mekhu'' : instrument (see also: maikhu)
*''mep'uuka'' : interrogation
*''mobakha'' : (v.) to realize, to acknowledge (derived from the verb: bakha)
*''moduje'' : (v.) to lose track of, to have lost (derived from the verb: duje)
*''mobaat'u'' : revelation
*''mobit'a'' : (v.) to remind (derived from the verb: bit'a)
*''mogha'' : waves, surge
*''mojaya'' : (v.) to remember (derived from the verb: jaya)
*''moq'aara'' : (v.) to be pious, to have faith (derived from the verb: q'aara)
**''moq'aaji'' : pious, devout
*''moq'aajo'' : zealot(s)
*''moq'aatu'' : faith
*''mos'' : brain, mind
**''me mos ba'' : like, as, just as
*''moshkhop'o'' : (v.) to indicate (derived from the verb: shkhop'o)
*''mosik'o'' : (v.) to think, to understand
**''mosik'weya'' : do not understand
*''mositskha'' : (v.) to intrigue, to fascinate (derived from the verb: itskha)
*''mosone'' : counsel, advice
*''mot'ongu'' :  (v.) to agree (derived from the verb: t'ongu)
*''mot'onguut'u'' : agreement, covenant, pact
*''mots'aha'' : (v.) to leave behind, to abandon (derived from the verb: ts'aha)
*''mu'' : [Third Person singular pronoun] : he/him/himself, she/her/herself, they/themself
*''muni'' : (v.) to tire, to grow weary
*''muuri'' : [Third Person plural pronoun] : they, them, themselves
 
===N===
*''nasa'' : exceeds (a bit much, much too, far too, more)
**''naseya'' : no more, no longer
*''naya'' : (v.) to fertilize an egg
**''nenaya'' : (Reduplicative Form)  were fertilizing
*''ne'' : [proximal demonstrative determiner] : this
*''nejo'' : father(s)
*''nga'' : nothing, without, absent
*''ngajo'' : nobody, no one, none
*''ngani'' : need, must, require
*''ngatkhet'a'' : (adj.) absent, missing
*''ngeno'' : (v.) to save
*''ngitkhagha'' : controls
*''nguuka'' : energy, spirit
*''ni'' : [postposition] : at, on, near (adessive) ; of (genitive)
*''nizhi'' : and (when used to coordinate nouns and sentences: also, in addition, about, as well) (See also: ze)
*''nuju'' : (v.) to be weak, cowardly, pathethic
*''nujujo'' : weakling, the weak, ones who display cowardice
*''nujut'u'' : weakness
 
===O===
*''o'' : [postposition] : (ergative) (Occurs with the subject of an action that involves a direct object.)
*''obadi'' : prison
*''ogha'' : foot
**''ogha ni'' : near, close
*''oni'' : [postposition] : to, toward, onto (allative) ; of (genitive)
*''opkho'' : (v.) to bend
**''pkhaapkho'' : (Reduplicative Form)  were bending
*''oq'o'' : (v.) to be great, glorious, noble, have honor
**''oq'eya'' : no honor
*''oq'otu'' : glory, honor
*''oq'ogakha'' : the sacred stones
*''ot'a'' : (v.) to suffer, to endure
**''ot'oza'' : (Reduplicative Form)
 
===P===
*''p'aatu'' : pity
*''p'ayut'u'' : exactly
*''p'ekkha'' : (v.) to form, to shape
*''p'es'' : worm
*''p'ikhe'' : creature, animal
*''p'uuka'' : question; (v.) to question, to ask
*''pkha'' : [an auxiliary used for emphasis or to convey a sense of urgency] (really, greatly, definitely)
*''pkhada'' :  (v.) to stop, to halt, to cease
*''pkhot'a'' : in front of, before, facing
*''pkhungo'' : (v.) to sleep
**''pkhubungo'' : (Reduplicative Form)  were sleeping
*''p'umo'' : start, begins, beginning
**''bap'umo'' : source, origin, root
 
===Q===
*''q'a'' : but, but rather, yet
*''q'aara'' : true; (v.) to be true, to be loyal
*''q'aatu'' : truth
*''q'aha'' : (v.) to touch
*''q'aya'' : simple
*''q'on'' : (v.) to teach, to instruct
*''q'uho'' : (v.) to be silent, to quiet
*''q'unqa'' : (v.) to forget, to forgive
**''q'unqijaga'' : will forget
*''q'ii'' : dead, death, demising
*''q'iitu'' : mercy
*''qkhaamo'' : shrine, temple
*''qkhaat'u'' : holiness
*''qkhaaq'u'' : consecrate
*''qkhado'' : holy, sacred
*''qkhadomo'' : divine beyond
*''qkhan'' : enemy(ies)
*''qkhat'a'' : (v.) to defend, to guard, to protect
*''qkhe'' : [interjection] oh
**''qkhe p'os'' : oh shit
*''qkhoso'' : (v.) to walk
**''qkhaachaga'' : will walk, shall walk
**''qkhoghoso'' : (Reduplicative Form)  were walking
 
===R===
*''Raas Kkhotskha'' : [Proper Noun] : A name of a Sangheili planet.
*''rasq'u'' : (v.) to knock down, to cause to fall
*''Riich'e'' : [Proper Noun] : [[Reach]]
*''riikhe'' : crowd, group, multitude
**''riikhe ni'' : together, all together
**''riikhe oni'' : regroup, rally together
**''riikhe zi'' : among, in company
*''riin'' : [First Person Plural pronoun] : we, us, ourselves (inclusive of you) 
*''rojo'' : pet
*''rotkho'' : flesh, skin, hide
*''rube'' : ground, soil, earth
*''ruq'a'' : fire, flame
*''ruq'aara'' : (v.) to anoint, to sanctify (derived from the verb: q'aara)
*''ruq'echkha'' : (v.) to burn, to shine, to illuminate
*''ruq'ota'' : (v.) to burn, to scorch (derived from the verb: ot'a)
**''ruq'otoza'' : (Reduplicative Form)
*''ruubakha'' : (v.) to destroy, to obliterate (derived from the verb: bakha) (See also: ghunu)
*''ruujaya'' : (v.) to hurry, to hustle, to come quickly (derived from the verb: jaya)
*''ruuk'ina'' : (v.) to attack (derived from the verb: k'ina)
*''ruukhawa'' : (v.) to command (derived from the verb: khawa)
*''ruupkhada'' : (v.) to prevent, to stop (derived from the verb: pkhada)
*''ruuq'ontu'' : reeducation
*''ruuq'uuka'' : punishment, chastisement
*''ruut'sage'' : (v.) to light, to kindle, to ignite, to set fire to (derived from the verb: ts'age)
 
===S===
*''saatu'' : absolutely
*''Sangheli'' : [[Sanghelios]]
*''satkha'' : (v.) to be certain, to be sure
**''sasatkha'' : (Reduplicative Form) emphatically sure
*''shaadat'u'' : loyalty
*''shak'o'' : route, path, way
*''shandeta'' : ages, generations
*''siit'a'' : (v.) to call (out to)
*''skhala'' : hammer, mallet
*''skhuro'' : kind, sort, type
*''shkhii'' : odor, smell, stench
*''shkhoot'u'' : sign, signal
*''shkhop'o'' : (v.) to mark, to point
*''suung'' : heart
 
===T===
*''T'elo'' : [Proper Noun] : A male given name. Latinized as Thel.  — '''T'elo Badami'''
*''t'ichin'' : (v.) to insult, to ridicule (derived from the verb: ch'in)
*''t'ighaina'' : (v.) to hear and understand, to read one another (derived from the verb: ghaina)
*''t'iis'' : word
*''t'iiwa'' : (v.) to doubt, to disbelieve
**''t'iiweya'' : doubt not
*''t'iiwajo'' : ones who doubt, infidels, heretic(s)
*''t'ik'utkho'' : (v.) to argue, to dispute (derived from the verb: k'utkho)
*''t'ikhawa'' : (v.) to speak, to chat (derived from the verb: khawa)
*''t'ikhori'' : communications
*''t'iloshkho'' : (v.) to inform, to tell, to say to (derived from the verb: loshkho)
*''t'injuqkhuujo'' : arbiter(s)
*''t'ipekkha'' : (v.) to suggest, to propose (derived from the verb: p'ekkha)
*''t'ishkhop'o'' : (v.) to accuse, to blame (derived from the verb: shkhop'o)
*''t'isiit'a'' : (v.) to contact, to communicate (derived from the verb: siit'a)
*''t'isiit'agha'' : transmission
*''t'iskina'' (v.) to whisper, to mutter (derived from the verb: k'ina)
*''t'iskinagha'' : rumor, rumors, whispering, whispers
*''t'ispkhada'' : (v.) to deny, to oppose (derived from the verb: pkhada)
*''t'ispkhadajo'' : ones who deny or dare oppose
*''t'isqukho'' : (v.) to release, to let loose, to unleash
*''t'iswaqkho'' : (v.) to permit, to allow, to sanction (derived from the verb: waqkho)
*''t'iya'' : (v.) to live, to be alive, to manifest
*''t'iyat'u'' : life, lives, existence
*''t'ongu'' : (v.) to meet
**''t'odongu'' : (Reduplicated Form)
*''t'ulu'' : bone
 
*''tkha'' : [Inanimate Third Person Singular pronoun] : it; [distal demonstrative determiner] : that
*''tkhaari'' : [Inanimate Third Person Plural pronoun] : those, them
*''tkhaas'' : there, over there
**''tkhaas oni'' : to there, that way
*''tkhahana'' : (v.) to finish, to conclude, to end something
*''tkhazhi'' : then, and then
*''tkhet'a'' : species, people, folk, kin (tkhet'a literally means a nest or den)
**''tkhet'a ga'' : please (directly translating to ''Of the people'' or ''For the people'')
*''tkhop'o'' : (v.) to name
**''tkhaadop'o'' : (Reduplicative Form)  were naming
*''tkhu'' : (n.) thing, object
*''tkhunga'' : (v.) to send, to deliver
*''tkhungat'u'' : herald, bearer
*''tkhuyujo'' : ancients, forerunner(s)
 
*''ts'aha'' : (v.) to be at, to be in proximity
**''ts'aatsaha'' : (Reduplicative Form)
*''ts'ukho'' :  (v.) to be
**''ts'uutsukho'' : (reduplication) : (v.) to be emphatically true
**''ts'ukhi'' : come to be, turn out to be, was
*''ts'uuchaga'' : yes, will be, shall be
*''ts'uutsughaleya'' : impossible, cannot be possible
*''tskha'' : (v.) to do
 
===U===
*''uro'' : claws
*''Ut'o'' : [Proper Noun] : A male given name. — '''Ut'o Madama'''
*''uuri'' : very much, nearly, fairly, quite
*''uutu'' : evil
 
===W===
*''waaka'' : gift, present
**''gawaaka'' : sacrifice, offering
*''waqkho'' : (v.) to give, to grant, to offer
*''warut'o'' : (v.) to go, to move forward, to charge (inspired by ''wort'' from the games)
**''q'awarut'o'' : continue on, onward
*''waruutu'' : journey, voyage, expedition
*''watkho'' : (v.) to fear, to be afraid of
*''wele'' : ship, vessel
*''welegoja'' : bridge (of a spaceship), command center
*''welema'' : (v.) to board  (derived from the verb: ema)
*''welekkhosa'' : (v.) to retreat (derived from the verb: kkhosa)
*''welit'ari'' : fleet
*''wighe'' : ash, ashes
 
===Y===
*''yaala'' : body
*''yodu'' : soon
 
===Z===
*''zap'atu'' : victory
*''zaya'' : (v.) to expand
**''zaazaya'' : (Reduplicative Form)  were expanding
*''ze'' : and (when used to coordinate adjectives) (See also: nizhi)
*''zhaan'' : day
*''zhi'' : [postposition] : into, in (illative) ; of (genitive)
*''zhiiqo'' : time, times
*''zhuro'' : weapon(s)
*''zo'' : [medial demonstrative determiner] : that
 
===Uncertain Vocabulary===
The following words do not appear frequently in Peterson's translations.
 
*''asho'' : blue
*''ch'intu'' : wound
**''bach'intu'' : scratch, little wound
*''bank'ina'' : (v.) to ignore, to disregard (derived from the verb: k'ina)
*''gwis'' : (v.) to lead, to guide
*''has'' : sun
*''juushkhop'o'' : (v.) to specify, to clarify (derived from the the verb: shkhop'o)
*''kheyua'' : (v.) to grasp, to take up, to grab (derived from the verb: yua)
*''lushkho'' : star
*''ngodza'' : metal
*''p'uko'' : book
*''q'iskhe'' : (v.) to appear intact, to be whole/complete
*''res'' : to die
*''ruubaabaacho'' : intruder(s)
*''ts'age'' : (v.) to glow, to shine
*''ts'epa'' : rod
*''yua'' : (v.) to take hold of, to grab
*''zhiija'' : appropriately, rightly, suitably


==Sources==
==Sources==
Lord Susto
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edits

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