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'''Sangheili''' is a constructed language created for the ''[[Halo: The Television Series]]'' co-created by linguists [[Wikipedia:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], creator of the Dothraki language used in ''Game of Thrones'',{{Ref/Twitter|k_wolfkill|1507493397807788032|Kiki Wolfkill|Quote=@CharlieBMurphy literally learned an entire new language and performed beautifully in that language. Unreal. Language created by David Peterson who created Dothraki for GoT #HaloWatchParty|D=25|M=03|Y=2022}} and Carl Buck.{{Ref/Twitter|tlacamazatl|1506947170490060800|C. Buck|Quote=If you have #ParamountPlus, are a fan of #HaloSeries , and enjoy a good #conlang. You might be interested to know that I helped @Dedalvs develop the language for the Covenant.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} Both conlangers began jointly developing the Sangheili language nearly three years prior to the series premiere.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Halo (Paramount+)]</ref> By early [[2022]], Carl Buck estimated they had crafted close to 250 Sangheili words, those being base words and not variations of verbs and nouns. Actress [[Wikipedia:Charlie Murphy (actress)|Charlie Murphy]] learned to speak Sangheili for her role as [[Makee]] on the show and was noted to have done a phenomenal job capturing the emphasis, pitch and pronunciations of the alien language.{{Ref/YouTube|Id=S101|bnJ0Y4So_Cc|Halo The Series|Learn To Speak Sangheili|Y=2023|M=8|D=28}} | '''Sangheili''' is a constructed language created for the ''[[Halo: The Television Series]]'' co-created by linguists [[Wikipedia:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], creator of the Dothraki language used in ''Game of Thrones'',{{Ref/Twitter|k_wolfkill|1507493397807788032|Kiki Wolfkill|Quote=@CharlieBMurphy literally learned an entire new language and performed beautifully in that language. Unreal. Language created by David Peterson who created Dothraki for GoT #HaloWatchParty|D=25|M=03|Y=2022}} and Carl Buck.{{Ref/Twitter|tlacamazatl|1506947170490060800|C. Buck|Quote=If you have #ParamountPlus, are a fan of #HaloSeries , and enjoy a good #conlang. You might be interested to know that I helped @Dedalvs develop the language for the Covenant.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} Both conlangers began jointly developing the Sangheili language nearly three years prior to the series premiere.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Halo (Paramount+)]</ref> By early [[2022]], Carl Buck estimated they had crafted close to 250 Sangheili words, those being base words and not variations of verbs and nouns. Actress [[Wikipedia:Charlie Murphy (actress)|Charlie Murphy]] learned to speak Sangheili for her role as [[Makee]] on the show and was noted to have done a phenomenal job capturing the emphasis, pitch and pronunciations of the alien language.{{Ref/YouTube|Id=S101|bnJ0Y4So_Cc|Halo The Series|Learn To Speak Sangheili|Y=2023|M=8|D=28}} | ||
Peterson posts transcripts for the words and their translations on his [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Sangheili_language language wiki], as well as in a series of posts on Archive of Our Own, accessible [https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 here]. See also [https://dedalvs.com/work/halo/ David Peterson's records here] and his additional informative [https://www.halopedia.org/Archive:Twitter_-_David_J._Peterson_Sangheili_primer Tweets archived here]. | Peterson posts transcripts for the words and their translations on his [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Sangheili_language language wiki], as well as in a series of posts on ''Archive of Our Own'', accessible [https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 here]. See also [https://dedalvs.com/work/halo/ David Peterson's records here] and his additional informative [https://www.halopedia.org/Archive:Twitter_-_David_J._Peterson_Sangheili_primer Tweets archived here]. | ||
==Videos== | ==Videos== | ||
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Sangheili, the language featured in the show, is an [[Wikipedia:Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive language]] spoken by the [[Sangheili]] warrior race, commonly referred to as Elites, as well as generally inside the [[Covenant]], an alien alliance that worships the Halo Array. The language is a lightly inflectional head-final language with distinctive vowel length and ejectives. | Sangheili, the language featured in the show, is an [[Wikipedia:Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive language]] spoken by the [[Sangheili]] warrior race, commonly referred to as Elites, as well as generally inside the [[Covenant]], an alien alliance that worships the Halo Array. The language is a lightly inflectional head-final language with distinctive vowel length and ejectives. | ||
In the tradition of his other constructed languages, Peterson crafted the language by laying the groundwork with a proto-language known as Proto-Sangheili. This ancient Elite language evolved organically, undergoing both phonological and grammatical changes, eventually giving rise to the modern Sangheili language spoken within the Covenant | In the tradition of his other constructed languages, Peterson crafted the language by laying the groundwork with a proto-language known as Proto-Sangheili. This ancient Elite language evolved organically, undergoing both phonological and grammatical changes, eventually giving rise to the modern Sangheili language spoken within the Covenant empire. | ||
Sangheili uses Standard American Romanization. Ejective consonants are written with a following apostrophe, and the r is the tap [ɾ]. The language has long vowels, represented by a doubled vowel, and occasionally has geminates, also written doubly. Likely the most challenging aspect of the phonology are the consonants with a velar release. These are written as if they began with a consonant cluster, but they occur at every point of articulation—namely, pkh [pˣ], tkh [tˣ], kkh [kˣ], and qkh [qˣ], and even the fricative (or fricative-ending) consonants skh [sˣ], shkh [ʃˣ], and chkh [tʃˣ] | Sangheili uses Standard American Romanization. Ejective consonants are written with a following apostrophe, and the r is the tap [ɾ]. The language has long vowels, represented by a doubled vowel, and occasionally has geminates, also written doubly. Likely the most challenging aspect of the phonology are the consonants with a velar release. These are written as if they began with a consonant cluster, but they occur at every point of articulation—namely, pkh [pˣ], tkh [tˣ], kkh [kˣ], and qkh [qˣ], and even the fricative (or fricative-ending) consonants skh [sˣ], shkh [ʃˣ], and chkh [tʃˣ] | ||
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* Sequences of ejectives are not allowed, when one occurs, the second ejective is deglottalized. | * Sequences of ejectives are not allowed, when one occurs, the second ejective is deglottalized. | ||
* Certain sounds that are found in proper names among the Sangheili, which are not part of Sangheili phonology, are treated as approximations resulting from human attempts at Latinizing these names. Because there are no [f], [θ], or [v] sounds in the language, names like [[Thel 'Vadamee]], [[Var 'Gatanai]] and [[Fal 'Chavamee]] are English approximations of ''T'elo Badami'', ''Baro Gat'anai'' and ''P'alo Chabami'', respectively, in Sangheili.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303/chapters/105183123#workskin Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Chapter 6 ]</ref>{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511104056244154368|David J. Peterson|Quote=P and T. Wasn’t too concerned. After all, München becomes Munich in English; Köln Cologne, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511105091167670274|David J. Peterson|Quote=B, I’m that case.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} | * Certain sounds that are found in proper names among the Sangheili, which are not part of Sangheili phonology, are treated as approximations resulting from human attempts at Latinizing these names. Because there are no [f], [θ], or [v] sounds in the language, names like [[Thel 'Vadamee]], [[Var 'Gatanai]], and [[Fal 'Chavamee]] are English approximations of ''T'elo Badami'', ''Baro Gat'anai'', and ''P'alo Chabami'', respectively, in Sangheili.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303/chapters/105183123#workskin Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Chapter 6 ]</ref>{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511104056244154368|David J. Peterson|Quote=P and T. Wasn’t too concerned. After all, München becomes Munich in English; Köln Cologne, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511105091167670274|David J. Peterson|Quote=B, I’m that case.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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==Grammar and Morphology== | ==Grammar and Morphology== | ||
===<u>Syntax</u>=== | ===<u>Syntax</u>=== | ||
Sangheili generally follows SOV (subject-object-verb) word order: | Sangheili generally follows SOV (subject-object-verb) word order akin to Japanese and Latin: | ||
::'''<u>K'uucho o</u> <sub>1</sub> domo <sub>2</sub> ruuk'inatan <sub>3</sub>''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> <sub>1</sub> attacked <sub>3</sub> the human <sub>2</sub>"'' | ::'''<u>K'uucho o</u> <sub>1</sub> domo <sub>2</sub> ruuk'inatan <sub>3</sub>''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> <sub>1</sub> attacked <sub>3</sub> the human <sub>2</sub>"'' | ||
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===<u>Pronouns</u>=== | ===<u>Pronouns</u>=== | ||
Sangheili | Sangheili has an inclusive / exclusive distinction in its First Person plural pronouns for "we, us" ("Riin" for <u>''you and us''</u> and "Jaari" for <u>''us and not you''</u>). The Sangheili language also recognizes both animate and inanimate entities, but the Third Person singular pronoun "Mu" makes no gender distinction between "he" (masculine) and "she" (feminine), acting neutral as "it, itself, they". | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! rowspan=2 | Personal pronouns !! rowspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural | ! rowspan=2 | Personal pronouns !! rowspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural | ||
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|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Reduplicative | ! Reduplicative | ||
| '''Imperfect''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is ongoing or continuous)</small> || '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition is emphasized)</small> || Varies | | '''Imperfect''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is ongoing or continuous)</small> || '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition is emphasized)</small> || Varies | ||
(<small>a part of a verb is partially repeated</small>) | |||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Inceptive | ! Inceptive | ||
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| '''Present''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is occurring)</small> || '''Probabilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition holds an element of probability)</small> || -(i)jo (or -cho) | | '''Present''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is occurring)</small> || '''Probabilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition holds an element of probability)</small> || -(i)jo (or -cho) | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Witnessed | ! Witnessed / Direct | ||
| '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>( | | '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>(An experienced action is emphasized)</small> || '''Past''' <br/><br/><small>(A past state or condition is referred)</small> || -(i)ji (or -chi) | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Overheard | ! Overheard / Inferential | ||
| '''Uncertain''' <br/><br/><small>(An action has an element of uncertainty)</small> || '''Possibilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition carries a sense of possibility or potentiality)</small> || -(i)jen (or -chen) | | '''Uncertain''' <br/><br/><small>(An action has an element of uncertainty)</small> || '''Possibilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition carries a sense of possibility or potentiality)</small> || -(i)jen (or -chen) | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
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| Mercy || Mu o ch'anggagomo maaro ba riin ngani. Mu matkhaya pkha. || We need him to find the ring. Take him alive. | | Mercy || Mu o ch'anggagomo maaro ba riin ngani. Mu matkhaya pkha. || We need him to find the ring. Take him alive. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mercy || Ghashank'o matkhaya pkha! || Take the demon alive! | | Mercy || Ghashank'o matkhaya pkha! || Take the demon alive! (Do not kill the Demon whatsoever!) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mercy || Baashkhi shandeta ba, jaari o ch'anggagomo maarotan. Zus nizhi tkhaas, jaari moq'aaritan. Q'a jaari o q'amaamaro. || For hundreds of generations, we have searched for the sacred ring. At times, our faith faltered. But still we searched. | | Mercy || Baashkhi shandeta ba, jaari o ch'anggagomo maarotan. Zus nizhi tkhaas, jaari moq'aaritan. Q'a jaari o q'amaamaro. || For hundreds of generations, we have searched for the sacred ring. At times, our faith faltered. But still we searched. | ||