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'''Sangheili''' is a constructed language created for the ''[[Halo: The Television Series]]'' co-created by | {{#widget:YouTube|id=7iEU9mMR7Ng|width=400|right}} | ||
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'''Sangheili''' is a constructed language created for the ''[[Halo: The Television Series]]'' co-created by linguists [[Wikipedia:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], creator of the Dothraki language used in ''Game of Thrones'',{{Ref/Twitter|k_wolfkill|1507493397807788032|Kiki Wolfkill|Quote=@CharlieBMurphy literally learned an entire new language and performed beautifully in that language. Unreal. Language created by David Peterson who created Dothraki for GoT #HaloWatchParty|D=25|M=03|Y=2022}} and Carl Buck.{{Ref/Twitter|tlacamazatl|1506947170490060800|C. Buck|Quote=If you have #ParamountPlus, are a fan of #HaloSeries , and enjoy a good #conlang. You might be interested to know that I helped @Dedalvs develop the language for the Covenant.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} Both conlangers began jointly developing the Sangheili language nearly three years prior to the series premiere.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Halo (Paramount+)]</ref> By early [[2022]], Carl Buck estimated they had crafted close to 250 Sangheili words, those being base words and not variations of verbs and nouns. Actress [[Wikipedia:Charlie Murphy (actress)|Charlie Murphy]] learned to speak Sangheili for her role as [[Makee]] on the show and was noted to have done a phenomenal job capturing the emphasis, pitch and pronunciations of the alien language.{{Ref/YouTube|Id=S101|bnJ0Y4So_Cc|Halo The Series|Learn To Speak Sangheili|Y=2023|M=8|D=28}} | |||
Peterson posts transcripts for the words and their translations on his [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Sangheili_language language wiki], as well as in a series of posts on | Peterson posts transcripts for the words and their translations on his [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Sangheili_language language wiki], as well as in a series of posts on Archive of Our Own, accessible [https://archiveofourown.org/series/2828287 here]. See also [https://dedalvs.com/work/halo/ David Peterson's records here] and his additional informative [https://www.halopedia.org/Archive:Twitter_-_David_J._Peterson_Sangheili_primer Tweets archived here]. | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Sangheili, the language featured in the show, is an [[Wikipedia:Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive language]] spoken by the [[Sangheili]] warrior race, commonly referred to as Elites, as well as generally inside the [[Covenant]], an alien alliance that worships the Halo Array. The language is a lightly inflectional head-final language with distinctive vowel length and ejectives. | Sangheili, the language featured in the show, is an [[Wikipedia:Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive language]] spoken by the [[Sangheili]] warrior race, commonly referred to as Elites, as well as generally inside the [[Covenant]], an alien alliance that worships the Halo Array. The language is a lightly inflectional head-final language with distinctive vowel length and ejectives. | ||
In the tradition of his other constructed languages, Peterson crafted the language by laying the groundwork with a proto-language known as Proto-Sangheili. This ancient Elite language evolved organically, undergoing both phonological and grammatical changes, eventually giving rise to the modern Sangheili language spoken within the Covenant | In the tradition of his other constructed languages, Peterson crafted the language by laying the groundwork with a proto-language known as Proto-Sangheili. This ancient Elite language evolved organically, undergoing both phonological and grammatical changes, eventually giving rise to the modern Sangheili language spoken within the Covenant Empire. | ||
Sangheili uses Standard American Romanization. Ejective consonants are written with a following apostrophe, and the r is the tap [ɾ]. The language has long vowels, represented by a doubled vowel, and occasionally has geminates, also written doubly. Likely the most challenging aspect of the phonology are the consonants with a velar release. These are written as if they began with a consonant cluster, but they occur at every point of articulation—namely, pkh [pˣ], tkh [tˣ], kkh [kˣ], and qkh [qˣ], and even the fricative (or fricative-ending) consonants skh [sˣ], shkh [ʃˣ], and chkh [tʃˣ] | Sangheili uses Standard American Romanization. Ejective consonants are written with a following apostrophe, and the r is the tap [ɾ]. The language has long vowels, represented by a doubled vowel, and occasionally has geminates, also written doubly. Likely the most challenging aspect of the phonology are the consonants with a velar release. These are written as if they began with a consonant cluster, but they occur at every point of articulation—namely, pkh [pˣ], tkh [tˣ], kkh [kˣ], and qkh [qˣ], and even the fricative (or fricative-ending) consonants skh [sˣ], shkh [ʃˣ], and chkh [tʃˣ] | ||
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| l | | l | ||
| '''l'''ove | | '''l'''ove | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m''' | | '''m''' | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Phonetics== | ==Phonetics== | ||
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|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Affricates | ! Affricates | ||
| p<sup>x</sup> <br/><br/>'''pkh''' || t<sup>x</sup>, (ts), ts<sup>x</sup>, dz, ts′ <br/><br/> '''tkh, ts, tskh, dz, ts′'''|| (tʃ, tʃ<sup>x</sup>, dʒ, tʃ′) <br/><br/> '''ch, chkh, j, ch′''' || k<sup>x</sup> <br/><br/> '''kkh''' || q<sup>x</sup> <br/><br/>'''qkh''' | | p<sup>x</sup> <br/><br/>'''pkh''' || t<sup>x</sup>, (ts), ts<sup>x</sup>, dz, ts′ <br/><br/> '''tkh, ts, tskh, dz, ts′'''|| (tʃ, tʃ<sup>x</sup>, dʒ, tʃ′) <br/><br/> '''ch, chkh, j, ch′''' || k<sup>x</sup> <br/><br/> '''kkh''' || q<sup>x</sup> <br/><br/>'''qkh''' | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Fricatives | ! Fricatives | ||
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* Sequences of ejectives are not allowed, when one occurs, the second ejective is deglottalized. | * Sequences of ejectives are not allowed, when one occurs, the second ejective is deglottalized. | ||
* Certain sounds that are found in proper names among the Sangheili, which are not part of Sangheili phonology, are treated as approximations resulting from human attempts at Latinizing these names. Because there are no [f], [θ], or [v] sounds in the language, names like [[Thel 'Vadamee]] | * Certain sounds that are found in proper names among the Sangheili, which are not part of Sangheili phonology, are treated as approximations resulting from human attempts at Latinizing these names. Because there are no [f], [θ], or [v] sounds in the language, names like [[Thel 'Vadamee]] and [[Fal 'Chavamee]] are English approximations of ''T'elo Badami'' and ''P'alo Chabami'', respectively, in Sangheili.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303/chapters/105183123#workskin Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: Chapter 6 ]</ref>{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511104056244154368|David J. Peterson|Quote=P and T. Wasn’t too concerned. After all, München becomes Munich in English; Köln Cologne, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}}{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511105091167670274|David J. Peterson|Quote=B, I’m that case.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Stress falls on the penultimate syllable if it is heavier than the antepenultimate, otherwise it falls on the antepenultimate. Secondary stress is placed on every other syllable radiating outward from the syllable with main stress. The final syllable never attracts stress, regardless of length. | Stress falls on the penultimate syllable if it is heavier than the antepenultimate, otherwise it falls on the antepenultimate. Secondary stress is placed on every other syllable radiating outward from the syllable with main stress. The final syllable never attracts stress, regardless of length. | ||
==Proposed Sangheili orthography== | ==Proposed Sangheili orthography== | ||
The Covenant script that is featured | The Covenant script that is featured in the show consists of triangular glyphs, visuals directly taken from the ''Halo'' franchise, yet remains nonsensical. David J. Peterson and Carl Buck proposed the creation of a writing script for the series, presenting a crafted sample that envisions a cohesive Sangheili writing system to complement the language they developed. Their conceptualization involved acknowledging the unique phonetics of Sangheili and led them to design a script centered around syllables as the foundational unit. Each syllabic glyph would contain a base consonant with the potential for vowel modifications and additional diacritics to indicate coda consonants when necessary. | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
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File:HTV Sangheili Font sample B.jpg | File:HTV Sangheili Font sample B.jpg | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==Grammar and Morphology== | ==Grammar and Morphology== | ||
===<u>Syntax</u>=== | ===<u>Syntax</u>=== | ||
Sangheili generally follows SOV (subject-object-verb) word order | Sangheili generally follows SOV (subject-object-verb) word order: | ||
::'''<u>K'uucho o</u> <sub>1</sub> domo <sub>2</sub> ruuk'inatan <sub>3</sub>''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> <sub>1</sub> attacked <sub>3</sub> the human <sub>2</sub>"'' | ::'''<u>K'uucho o</u> <sub>1</sub> domo <sub>2</sub> ruuk'inatan <sub>3</sub>''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> <sub>1</sub> attacked <sub>3</sub> the human <sub>2</sub>"'' | ||
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::'''<u>K'uucho o</u> domo ruuk'inatan''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> attacked the human"'' | ::'''<u>K'uucho o</u> domo ruuk'inatan''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> attacked the human"'' | ||
::'''<u>K'uucho</u> mejayatan''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> is ready"'' | ::'''<u>K'uucho</u> mejayatan''' — ''"<u>the warrior</u> is ready"'' | ||
Nouns are preceded by adjectives, possessors, and relative clauses, while main clauses come after dependent clauses. Creating relative clauses is achieved by positioning their verb before the noun or relative pronoun they modify. | Nouns are preceded by adjectives, possessors, and relative clauses, while main clauses come after dependent clauses. Creating relative clauses is achieved by positioning their verb before the noun or relative pronoun they modify. | ||
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:→ '''K'uucho o <u>ruuk'inatan</u> domo''' — ''"the human <u>whom</u> the warrior <u>attacked</u>"'' | :→ '''K'uucho o <u>ruuk'inatan</u> domo''' — ''"the human <u>whom</u> the warrior <u>attacked</u>"'' | ||
===<u>Pronouns</u>=== | ===<u>Pronouns</u>=== | ||
Sangheili | Sangheili includes an inclusive / exclusive distinction in its First Person plural pronouns for "we, us, ourselves" ("riin" for "you and us" and "jaari" for "us and not you"). The Sangheili language also recognizes both animate and inanimate entities, but the Third Person singular pronoun "mu" makes no gender distinction between "he" (masculine) and "she" (feminine), acting neutral as "it, itself, they". | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Inclusive !! Exclusive | ! Inclusive !! Exclusive | ||
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===<u>Case Particles / Postpositions</u>=== | ===<u>Case Particles / Postpositions</u>=== | ||
These case particles are placed after a noun to indicate the role they play in a sentence. The ergative and absolutive are grammatical. The vocative case is used for direct address, while the rest pertain to locative functions | These case particles are placed after a noun to indicate the role they play in a sentence. The ergative and absolutive are grammatical. The vocative case is used for direct address, while the rest pertain to locative functions.{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511090947278311427|David J. Peterson|Quote=Cases are, in this case, little tags that let you know what role a noun plays in the sentence. Ergative and absolutive are grammatical; vocative is for direct address; the rest are locative. I’ll explain these.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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!Ergative | !Ergative | ||
| o | | o | ||
| Used after a noun to mark it as the subject of a transitive verb (a verb | | Used after a noun to mark it as the subject of a transitive verb (a verb with an object). | ||
|-style="text-align: center | |-style="text-align: center | ||
!Illative | !Illative | ||
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!Inessive | !Inessive | ||
|me | |me | ||
| Indicates being in a certain place or object. It expresses the ideas of " | | Indicates being in a certain place or object. It expresses the ideas of "inside, within, or along side." | ||
|-style="text-align: center | |-style="text-align: center | ||
!Vocative | !Vocative | ||
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| Used to address or gain someone's attention directly. "Hey, Oh, ''O ye''..." | | Used to address or gain someone's attention directly. "Hey, Oh, ''O ye''..." | ||
|} | |} | ||
The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions: | |||
*Ablative: wele ga “from the ship” | |||
*Adessive: wele ni “on the ship” | |||
*Allative: wele oni “to the ship” | |||
*Elative: wele ba “out of the ship” | |||
*Illative: wele zhi “into the ship” | |||
*Inessive: wele me “in the ship"{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511092864859602944|David J. Peterson|Quote=The locative cases are analogous to the following English prepositions: Ablative: wele ga “from the ship” Adessive: wele ni “on the ship” Allative: wele oni “to the ship” Elative: wele ba “out of the ship” Illative: wele zhi “into the ship” Inessive: wele me “in the ship"|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
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*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> zhuro'' - would be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would presumably mean the weapon is one the warrior owns. | *''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> zhuro'' - would be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would presumably mean the weapon is one the warrior owns. | ||
*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">ni</span></div> zhuro'' - would also be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">ON</span></div> the warrior". This would imply the weapon | *''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">ni</span></div> zhuro'' - would also be “the warrior’s weapon” or better yet "the weapon <span style="color:yellow">ON</span></div> the warrior". This would imply that the weapon is one the warrior just picked up. | ||
*''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> nejo <span style="color:orange">ga</span></div> zhuro'' - "the weapon <span style="color:orange">FROM</span></div> the father <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would indicate that the warrior has their father's weapon. | *''K'uucho <span style="color:yellow">oni</span></div> nejo <span style="color:orange">ga</span></div> zhuro'' - "the weapon <span style="color:orange">FROM</span></div> the father <span style="color:yellow">TO</span></div> the warrior". This would indicate that the warrior has their father's weapon. | ||
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===<u>Verb instrumental prefixes</u>=== | ===<u>Verb instrumental prefixes</u>=== | ||
Similarly to the [[Wikipedia:Siouan languages|Siouan]] or [[Wikipedia:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan languages]] of the North and Middle Americas, Sangheili has instrumental prefixes that can transform verb bases into entirely new verbs.{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511100010951110656|David J. Peterson|Quote=The other big table up there has less to do with grammar than the lexicon. The instrumental prefixes are used to derive new verbs from verb bases. It’s a little like how we have verbs like “deduce”, “produce”, “induce”, “adduce”, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} | Similarly to the [[Wikipedia:Siouan languages|Siouan]] or [[Wikipedia:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan languages]] of the North and Middle Americas, Sangheili has instrumental prefixes that can transform verb bases into entirely new verbs.{{Ref/Twitter|Dedalvs|1511100010951110656|David J. Peterson|Quote=The other big table up there has less to do with grammar than the lexicon. The instrumental prefixes are used to derive new verbs from verb bases. It’s a little like how we have verbs like “deduce”, “produce”, “induce”, “adduce”, etc.|D=6|M=04|Y=2022}} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| baan (spine) | | baan (spine) | ||
| utilizing the back or rear | | utilizing the back or rear | ||
| ''ban'' + k'utkho (to fight) → bank'utkho (to | | ''ban'' + k'utkho (to fight) → bank'utkho (to fight back / resist) | ||
|-style="text-align: center | |-style="text-align: center | ||
! ch'a (n)- | ! ch'a (n)- | ||
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| akke (hand) | | akke (hand) | ||
| general instrumental; also specifically utilizing the hand | | general instrumental; also specifically utilizing the hand | ||
| ''khe'' + ch'imo (to collect) → khech'imo (to | | ''khe'' + ch'imo (to collect) → khech'imo (to bring) | ||
|-style="text-align: center | |-style="text-align: center | ||
! juu (n)- | ! juu (n)- | ||
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| t'iis (word) | | t'iis (word) | ||
| verbally; using words | | verbally; using words | ||
| ''t'i'' + khawa (to say) → t'ikhawa (to | | ''t'i'' + khawa (to say) → t'ikhawa (to speak) | ||
|-style="text-align: center | |-style="text-align: center | ||
! wel (e)- | ! wel (e)- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*Suffixes also play a role in forming additional derivations in verbs. A common suffix, '''-jo''', is utilized for forming agent nouns (e.g. teach''-er'', visit''-ors''). | *Suffixes also play a role in forming additional derivations in verbs. A common suffix, '''-jo''', is utilized for forming agent nouns (e.g. teach''-er'', visit''-ors''). Another suffix, '''-t'u''' (or '''-tu'''), is employed to create nominalizations. | ||
:: | ::'''Maaro''' (seek) → '''maarojo''' (search team, searchers) | ||
::'''Ts'aha''' (be at) → '''ts'ahat'u''' (presence) | |||
===<u>Verb Tenses</u>=== | ===<u>Verb Tenses</u>=== | ||
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|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Reduplicative | ! Reduplicative | ||
| '''Imperfect''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is ongoing or continuous)</small> || '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition is emphasized)</small> || Varies | | '''Imperfect''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is ongoing or continuous)</small> || '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition is emphasized)</small> || Varies | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Inceptive | ! Inceptive | ||
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| '''Present''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is occurring)</small> || '''Probabilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition holds an element of probability)</small> || -(i)jo (or -cho) | | '''Present''' <br/><br/><small>(An action is occurring)</small> || '''Probabilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition holds an element of probability)</small> || -(i)jo (or -cho) | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Witnessed | ! Witnessed | ||
| '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>( | | '''Emphatic''' <br/><br/><small>(A witnessed action is emphasized)</small> || '''Past''' <br/><br/><small>(A past state or condition is referred)</small> || -(i)ji (or -chi) | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Overheard | ! Overheard | ||
| '''Uncertain''' <br/><br/><small>(An action has an element of uncertainty)</small> || '''Possibilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition carries | | '''Uncertain''' <br/><br/><small>(An action has an element of uncertainty)</small> || '''Possibilitive''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition carries past uncertain possibilities)</small> || -(i)jen (or -chen) | ||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Prospective | ! Prospective | ||
| '''Future''' <br/><br/><small>(An action will come in the future)</small> || '''Future''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition will occur later)</small> || -(i)jaga (or -chaga) | | '''Future''' <br/><br/><small>(An action will come in the future)</small> || '''Future''' <br/><br/><small>(A state or condition will occur later)</small> || -(i)jaga (or -chaga) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Other aspects and question forms: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! !! Dynamic Verbs !! Stative Verbs !! Suffix | ! !! Dynamic Verbs !! Stative Verbs !! Suffix | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Negation | ! Negation | ||
| Reverse action || Contrary state || -eya | | Reverse action || Contrary state || -eya | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ability | ! Ability | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Yes or No Question | ! Yes or No Question | ||
| - || - || -jahe | | - || - || -jahe<ref>[https://twitter.com/Dedalvs/status/1511098687816028169 Twitter - David J. Peterson]</ref> (or -chahe) and is attached to a reduced set of 4 tenses: Bare, Reduplicative, Inceptive, and Completive. | ||
|} | |} | ||
''Example questions'': | ''Example questions'': | ||
* ''Ghashank'o. Mu sachahe?'' | * ''Ghashank'o. Mu sachahe?'' - The demon. He's sure? | ||
* ''K'e sachahe, Hirajo?'' | * ''K'e sachahe, Hirajo?'' - Are you certain, Blessed One? | ||
* ''Ikhi k'e o ch'anik'ojahe?'' | * ''Ikhi k'e o ch'anik'ojahe?'' - Do you see now? | ||
* ''Q'a riin ni tkha jayetanjahe?'' | * ''Q'a riin ni tkha jayetanjahe?'' - But it did not make its way back to us? | ||
* ''Juukhojo ine ga waawotkhijahe?'' | * ''Juukhojo ine ga waawotkhijahe?'' - This is what the prophets fear? | ||
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| '''Ghaakhe''' | | '''Ghaakhe''' | ||
| how much | | how much | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===<u>Demonstratives</u>=== | ===<u>Demonstratives</u>=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! Type !! Adjective !! Singular !! Plural !! Adverb | ||
! | |||
|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Proximal (near the speaker) | ! Proximal (near the speaker) | ||
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|-align="center" | |-align="center" | ||
! Negative (indicating absence) | ! Negative (indicating absence) | ||
| ii - '' | | ii - ''not, none''|| colspan=2 | ngajo - ''no one, nobody''|| ngamaas - ''nowhere'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| and (used to coordinate adjectives) | | and (used to coordinate adjectives) | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Sangheili lines & outtakes by David Peterson== | |||
{{Center|''* Denotes a word's spelling has not been confirmed.''}} | {{Center|''* Denotes a word's spelling has not been confirmed.''}} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" | ||
|+ Samples | |+ Samples | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Jan David | | Jan David *ngitkha. || My name is David.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hait'u ga k'utkho! || From strength, fight! ''or'' Fight with strength! (<small>Used by Sangheili as both a greeting and a farewell.</small>){{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}} | | Hait'u ga k'utkho! || From strength, fight! ''or'' Fight with strength! (<small>Used by Sangheili as both a greeting and a farewell.</small>){{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}} | ||
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| Jan o moa ba ngani rotkho *p'onji. || I will eat a [[moa]] burger. ''or'' I will eat moa flesh.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}} | | Jan o moa ba ngani rotkho *p'onji. || I will eat a [[moa]] burger. ''or'' I will eat moa flesh.{{Ref/Reuse|Id=S101}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Qkhe p'os | | Qkhe p'os. Sugakho. || (Oh shit) ([[Needler]]) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|+ Episode 102 | |+ Episode 102 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Makee || Ne oni k'e o k'utkhitanjahe? || Is that why you did not fight? | | Makee || Ne oni k'e o k'utkhitanjahe? || Is that why you did not fight? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Makee || P'uuka o jan mositskhajo. || That's an intriguing question. (The question intrigues me.) | | Makee || P'uuka o jan mositskhajo. || That's an intriguing question. (The question intrigues me.) | ||
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|+ Episode 104 | |+ Episode 104 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Sangheili || Yojo oni ikhi. || Switching to | | Sangheili || Yojo oni ikhi. || Switching to (Needler). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Sangheili || Qkhe p'os, Jan ni khobuugha! || Oh shit, my gun! | | Sangheili || Qkhe p'os, Jan ni khobuugha! || Oh shit, my gun! | ||
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| Mercy || Mu o ch'anggagomo maaro ba riin ngani. Mu matkhaya pkha. || We need him to find the ring. Take him alive. | | Mercy || Mu o ch'anggagomo maaro ba riin ngani. Mu matkhaya pkha. || We need him to find the ring. Take him alive. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mercy || Ghashank'o matkhaya pkha! || Take the demon alive! | | Mercy || Ghashank'o matkhaya pkha! || Take the demon alive! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mercy || Baashkhi shandeta ba, jaari o ch'anggagomo maarotan. Zus nizhi tkhaas, jaari moq'aaritan. Q'a jaari o q'amaamaro. || For hundreds of generations, we have searched for the sacred ring. At times, our faith faltered. But still we searched. | | Mercy || Baashkhi shandeta ba, jaari o ch'anggagomo maarotan. Zus nizhi tkhaas, jaari moq'aaritan. Q'a jaari o q'amaamaro. || For hundreds of generations, we have searched for the sacred ring. At times, our faith faltered. But still we searched. | ||
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| Mercy || Baashkhi shandeta ba, jaari o ch'anggagomo oni jaari gwijaga oq'ogakha maarotan. Zus nizhi tkhaas, jaari moq'aaritan. Q'a jaari o q'amaamaro. || For hundreds of generations, we have searched for the keystone that will lead us to the sacred ring. At times, our faith faltered. But still we searched. | | Mercy || Baashkhi shandeta ba, jaari o ch'anggagomo oni jaari gwijaga oq'ogakha maarotan. Zus nizhi tkhaas, jaari moq'aaritan. Q'a jaari o q'amaamaro. || For hundreds of generations, we have searched for the keystone that will lead us to the sacred ring. At times, our faith faltered. But still we searched. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mercy || Ine Mot'onguut'u ga shak'o k'umas juuchkhugiijo. Aamu me mos ba tkhuyujo yodu jaari o ghashangojo. || This is the vindication of the ways of the Covenant | | Mercy || Ine Mot'onguut'u ga shak'o k'umas juuchkhugiijo. Aamu me mos ba tkhuyujo yodu jaari o ghashangojo. || This (again) is the vindication of the ways of the Covenant. We will soon join the ancients as gods. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mercy || Hirajo'ni chkhan zhiiq'o ni diibe ts'aatsaha. Ghaazhi k'e guujen. K'e o jan oni ch'ano ga Ghashank'o bambit'aji. || There is always a place for the Blessed One. If that is what you want. You promised me the demon's head. | | Mercy || Hirajo'ni chkhan zhiiq'o ni diibe ts'aatsaha. Ghaazhi k'e guujen. K'e o jan oni ch'ano ga Ghashank'o bambit'aji. || There is always a place for the Blessed One. If that is what you want. You promised me the demon's head. | ||
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==Sangheili war chant : ''The Ballad of Kel 'Darsam''== | ==Sangheili war chant : ''The Ballad of Kel 'Darsam''== | ||
A poem was crafted for the series inspired by the [[Ballad of Kel 'Darsam]] in [[Joseph Staten]]'s short novel, ''[[Halo: Shadow of Intent]]''. In the show, this ballad is sung as a Sangheili war chant | A poem was crafted for the series inspired by the [[Ballad of Kel 'Darsam]] in [[Joseph Staten]]'s short novel, ''[[Halo: Shadow of Intent]]''. In the show, this ballad is sung as a Sangheili war chant.{{Ref/Site|Id=SDT|URL=https://www.halowaypoint.com/news/silver-debrief-transcendence|Site=Halo Waypoint|Page=Silver Debrief: Transcendence|D=22|M=08|Y=2023}} These are only the first eight lines of a lengthier poem.<ref>[https://archiveofourown.org/works/37951303?view_full_work=true Archive of Our Own - Conlang Dialogue: The Ballad of Kel Darsam ]</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==Vocabulary | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Transcribed words=== | |||
The following words were transcribed phonetically and showcased in Episode 4 of the TV series. | |||
*[saŋ.ɣe.li] - "sangheli" : Sangheili | |||
*[xo.bu] - "khobu" : shoot | |||
*[ki:.'gia:.ra] - "kiigiaara" : Kig-Yar | |||
*[ɣa.ˈʃaŋ.k'o.] - "ghashank'o" : demon | |||
*[o.' q'o.ga.xa] : "oq'ogakha" : Keystone | |||
*[tʃ'aŋ.'ga.go.mo] - "ch'anggagomo" : Halo | |||
*[sˣu.tʃo] - "skhucho" : Down | |||
*[do.tʃo] - "docho" : Up | |||
===Basic Nouns / Names=== | ===Basic Nouns / Names=== | ||
*''Ch'adomo'' : Spartan(s) | *''Ch'adomo'' : Spartan(s) | ||
*''Ch'ambuujo'' : Hierarch(s) | *''Ch'ambuujo'' : Hierarch(s) | ||
*''Ch'anggagomo'' : [[Halo Array|Halo]], | *''Ch'anggagomo'' : [[Halo Array|Halo]], The Halo Ring | ||
**''Qkhado Ch'anggagomo'' : The Sacred Ring, The Holy Ring | **''Qkhado Ch'anggagomo'' : The Sacred Ring, The Holy Ring | ||
*''Ch'awaruutu'' : The Journey | *''Ch'awaruutu'' : The Journey | ||
Line 1,042: | Line 859: | ||
*''Hirajo'' : Blessed One | *''Hirajo'' : Blessed One | ||
*''Juukhojo'' : Prophet(s) | *''Juukhojo'' : Prophet(s) | ||
*''Maduriga'': [[Madrigal]] | *''Maduriga'': [[Madrigal]] | ||
*''Mak'ii'' : [[Makee]] | *''Mak'ii'' : [[Makee]] | ||
*''Oq'ogakha'' : [[Keystone]] | *''Oq'ogakha'' : [[Keystone]] | ||
*''Q'iitu'' : [[Prophet of Mercy/Silver|Prophet of Mercy]] | *''Q'iitu'' : [[Prophet of Mercy/Silver|Prophet of Mercy]] | ||
*''Sangheli'' : Sangheili | *''Sangheli'' : Sangheili | ||
*''Shak'o'' : The Path, the way | *''Shak'o'' : The Path, the way | ||
*''Shandi'' : [[The Covenant]], the alliance | *''Shandi'' : [[The Covenant]], the alliance | ||
===A=== | ===A=== | ||
*''aamu'' : god(s), deity(ies) | |||
*''akke'' : hand | |||
*''aamu'' : | |||
* | |||
===B=== | ===B=== | ||
*''baan'' : spine ''or'' back, behind | |||
*''baan'' : | |||
*''baashi'' : ceremony | *''baashi'' : ceremony | ||
*''baashkhi'' : hundreds | *''baashkhi'' : hundreds | ||
*''bak'ontu'' : justice, righteousness | *''bak'ontu'' : justice, righteousness | ||
*''bambit'a'' : (v.) to promise something to someone, to hold in reserve or specially something for someone (derived from the verb: bit'a) | |||
**''bambit'agha'' : promise | |||
*''bambit'a'' : ( | *''banghaina'' : (v.) to sense, to detect, to perceive (derived from the verb: ghaina) | ||
*''bambit'agha'' : promise | *''bank'utkho'' : (v.) to defend, to resist (derived from k'utkho, bank'utkho literally means "to fight with the back" and by metaph. extension, "to fight back") | ||
*''baqkhat'a'' : shield(s) | |||
*''banghaina'' : ( | |||
*''bank'utkho'' : ( | |||
*''baqkhat'a'' : shield | |||
*''bekkhajo'' : creature, animal | *''bekkhajo'' : creature, animal | ||
*''bit'a'' : ( | *''bit'a'' : (v.) to bear, to carry, to hold | ||
*''bojo'' : mother(s) | |||
*''bojo'' : mother | |||
===C=== | ===C=== | ||
*''ch'aamosik'o'' : ( | *''ch'aamosik'o'' : (v.) to better understand, to comprehend (derived from the verb: mosik'o) | ||
*''ch'adomo'' : spartan | *''ch'adomo'' : spartan(s) | ||
*''ch'adzuma'' : dangerous | *''ch'adzuma'' : dangerous | ||
*''ch' | *''ch'ambuujo'' : hierarch(s) | ||
*''ch'ana'' : (v.) to read | |||
*''ch'anaani'' : pillar | |||
*''ch'ana'' : ( | |||
*''ch'anaani'' | |||
*''ch'anggaaya'' : over-valuable | *''ch'anggaaya'' : over-valuable | ||
*''ch'anggagomo'' : the sacred ring | *''ch'anggagomo'' : the sacred ring | ||
*''ch'anghutkho'' : combat, skirmish | *''ch'anghutkho'' : combat, skirmish | ||
*''ch'anik'o'' : ( | *''ch'anik'o'' : (v.) to see | ||
* | **''ch'anik'otan'' : saw | ||
*''ch' | **''ch'anik'oji'' : seen | ||
**''ch' | *''ch'ano'' : head | ||
*''ch'anopkho'' : (v.) to atone, to redeem a fault (derived from the verb: opkho) | |||
*''ch' | |||
*''ch'anoq'o'' : great nobility | *''ch'anoq'o'' : great nobility | ||
*''ch'anqkhoso'' : (v.) to run (derived from the verb: qkhoso) | |||
*''ch'anqkhoso'' : ( | |||
*''ch'apkhaat'u'' : grace | *''ch'apkhaat'u'' : grace | ||
*''ch'imo'' : (v.) to take, to get, to gather, to collect | |||
*''ch'in'' : (v.) to take, to seize (ch'in literally means to stab; to pierce) | |||
*''ch'imo'' : ( | |||
*''ch'in'' : ( | |||
**''chinjin'' : (Reduplicative Form) were stabbing | **''chinjin'' : (Reduplicative Form) were stabbing | ||
*''changongo'' : chamber, room | *''changongo'' : chamber, room | ||
*''chkhan'' : all, whole, endless | |||
*''chkhan'' : all, | |||
**''chkhan ba'' : all by | **''chkhan ba'' : all by | ||
**''chkhan ni'' : over all | **''chkhan ni'' : over all | ||
*''chkhuung'' : such that, so that | *''chkhuung'' : such that, so that | ||
===D=== | ===D=== | ||
*''daagha'' : ( | *''daagha'' : (v.) to worry | ||
**''daagheya'' : worry not | **''daagheya'' : worry not | ||
*''diibe'' : place, where (conjunction), in / to a place, at / from which (See also: ghaadi) | *''diibe'' : place, where (conjunction), in / to a place, at / from which (See also: ghaadi) | ||
*''dokkhat'u'' : kindness | *''dokkhat'u'' : kindness | ||
*''domo'' : human | *''domo'' : human(s) | ||
*''duje'' : (v.) to molt | |||
*''dzana'' : woman, mortal female | |||
*''duje'' : ( | |||
*''dzana'' : woman | |||
*''dzima'' : brave | *''dzima'' : brave | ||
*'' | *''dzuk'utkho'' : (v.) to battle, to do battle with (derived from the verb: k'utkho) | ||
**''dzuk'uuchi'' : battled | |||
*''dzuk' | |||
*''dzukhunt'u'' : dominance | *''dzukhunt'u'' : dominance | ||
*''dzumu'' : (v.) to be sharp | |||
*''dzumu'' : ( | |||
*''dzuutu'' : danger, peril | *''dzuutu'' : danger, peril | ||
===E=== | ===E=== | ||
*''et'o'' : sword | |||
*''et'ojo'' : swordsman(men) | |||
*''eya'' : no, or to negate something (if added at end of a verb) | |||
*''et'o'' : | |||
*''et'ojo'' : ( | |||
*''eya'' : | |||
===G=== | ===G=== | ||
*''gadi'' : lower mandible | *''gadi'' : lower mandible | ||
*''gaibaat'u'' : fortune | *''gaibaat'u'' : fortune, riches | ||
*''gaich'in'' : (v.) to be wrong (derived from the verb: ch'in) | |||
*''gaich'in'' : ( | *''gaiduje'' : (v.) to sully, to dirty, to pollute (derived from the verb: duje) | ||
*''gaiduje'' : ( | *''gaik'inat'u'' : regret, one who is regretful | ||
*''gaikhawa'' : (v.) to guess, to predict (derived from the verb: khawa) | |||
*''gakha'' : rocks, stones | |||
*''gaik'inat'u'' : regret | |||
*''gaikhawa'' : ( | |||
*''gakha'' : | |||
*''gha'' : what (pronoun) | *''gha'' : what (pronoun) | ||
*''ghaadi'' : where, in what place or position (See also: diibe) | *''ghaadi'' : where, in what place or position (See also: diibe) | ||
*''ghaakhe'' : how much | *''ghaakhe'' : how much | ||
*''ghaasha'' : how | *''ghaasha'' : how | ||
*''ghaazhi'' : [causal conjunction] (Because..., So..., For..., And if..., When...) | *''ghaazhi'' : [causal conjunction] (Because..., So..., For..., And if..., When...) | ||
*''ghaina'' : (v.) to hear | |||
*''ghaina'' : ( | *''ghajaya'' : (v.) to return, to come back (derived from the verb: jaya) | ||
*''ghajaya'' : ( | |||
*''ghamaaziit'u'' : jealousy | *''ghamaaziit'u'' : jealousy | ||
*''ghaq'aaga'' : map, chart | *''ghaq'aaga'' : map, chart | ||
*''ghashango'' : ( | *''ghashango'' : (v.) to accompany, to follow to join | ||
*''ghashank'o'' : demon, monster | *''ghashank'o'' : demon, monster | ||
**''baghashank'o'' : little demon, imp | **''baghashank'o'' : little demon, imp | ||
*''ghunu'' : (v.) to destroy | |||
*''ghunu'' : ( | |||
*''ghuuri'' : many, much | *''ghuuri'' : many, much | ||
*''guulo'' : master(s) | |||
*''guulo'' : master | |||
===H=== | ===H=== | ||
*''haala'' : strong | *''haala'' : strong | ||
**''haali'' : stronger | **''haali'' : stronger | ||
*''haanga'' : | *''haanga'' : kind, ilk, allied | ||
*''haat'u'' : ability | *''haat'u'' : ability | ||
*''hai'' : (v.) to be able to | |||
*''hai'' : ( | |||
*''hait'u'' : strength, power, might | *''hait'u'' : strength, power, might | ||
*''hira'' : bless, praise | |||
*''hirajo'' : one who is blessed | |||
*''hira'' : | *''hodu'' : (v.) to wait, to pause | ||
*''hirajo'' : | |||
*''hodu'' : ( | |||
*''hunt'u'' : radiation, radiance | *''hunt'u'' : radiation, radiance | ||
===I=== | ===I=== | ||
*''iiku'' : (v.) to know (information), to be familiar with | |||
*''iiku'' : ( | *''ik'o'' : eye(s) | ||
*''ik'o'' : eye | |||
*''ikhi'' : now, presently | *''ikhi'' : now, presently | ||
**''ikhi ga'' : right now, right away | **''ikhi ga'' : right now, right away | ||
**''ikhi jaya'' : come quickly, come now | **''ikhi jaya'' : come quickly, come now | ||
*'' | **''ikhi baazhi'' : previously | ||
===J=== | ===J=== | ||
*''jaari'' : [ | *''jaari'' : [First Person Plural] : we, us, ourselves (exclusive of you) | ||
*''jaja'' : maybe, perhaps | *''jaja'' : maybe, perhaps | ||
*''jan'' : [ | *''jan'' : [First Person Singular] : I, me, myself | ||
*''jaya'' : ( | *''jaya'' : (v.) to come, to arrive | ||
**''jayaleya'' : can not arrive | **''jayaleya'' : can not arrive | ||
*'' | **''jayatan'' : arrived | ||
*''ju'' : | **''ruujaya'' : come quickly | ||
*''juq'u'' : ( | *''ju'' : one | ||
*''juq'u'' : (v.) to join, to unite | |||
*''juuch'in'' : (v.) to accept, to adopt, to embrace (Also "to appreciate" and "to be grateful") (derived from the verb: ch'in) | |||
*''juukhawa'' : (v.) to claim, to declare, to profess (derived from the verb: khawa) | |||
*''juuch'in'' : ( | *''juukhojo'' : one who prophesies, prophet(s) | ||
*''juukhot'u'' : prophesy | |||
*''juukhawa'' : ( | |||
*''juukhojo'' : | |||
*''juukhot'u'' : | |||
*''juun'' : upper mandible | *''juun'' : upper mandible | ||
*''juunduje'' : ( | *''juunduje'' : (v.) to make look good, act good, perform well (derived from the verb: duje) | ||
*''juutkhaat'u'' : defeat | *''juutkhaat'u'' : defeat | ||
===K=== | ===K=== | ||
*''k'aachot'u'' : effectively | |||
*''k'aidon'' : kaidon | |||
*''k'aachot'u'' : | *''k'e'' : [Second Person Singular] : you, yourself | ||
*''k'iri'' : [Second Person Plural] : you, you all, yourselves | |||
*''k'aidon'' : | |||
*''k'e'' : [ | |||
*''k'iri'' : [ | |||
*''k'iis'' : light | *''k'iis'' : light | ||
*''k'iisho'' : [[luminary]] | *''k'iisho'' : [[luminary]] | ||
*''k'ina'' : ( | *''k'ina'' : (v.) to bite | ||
*''k'umas'' : again, once more | *''k'umas'' : again, once more | ||
*''k'ung'' : | *''k'ung'' : both | ||
*''k'unjo'' : | *''k'unjo'' : others, the rest | ||
*''k'utkho'' : (v.) to fight | |||
*''k'utkho'' : ( | *''k'uucho'' : warrior(s), fighter(s) | ||
*''k'uucho'' : | |||
*''khaayagha'' : profit, benefit | *''khaayagha'' : profit, benefit | ||
*''khaayajo'' : someone of worth, value, or importance | *''khaayajo'' : someone of worth, value, or importance | ||
*''khawa'' : ( | *''khawa'' : (v.) to say | ||
*''khebit'a'' : (v.) to have, to possess, to retain (derived from the verb: bit'a) | |||
*''khebit'ajo'' : one who possesses a common quality, someone who shares a similarity | |||
*''khech'imo'': (v.) to retrieve, to get and bring back, to reclaim (derived from the verb: ch'imo) | |||
*''khekhawa'' : (v.) to respond (derived from the verb: khawa) | |||
*''khebit'a'' : ( | |||
*''khebit'ajo'' : one who possesses a common quality, | |||
*''khech'imo'': ( | |||
*''khekhawa'' : ( | |||
*''kheluuga'' : artifact, relic | *''kheluuga'' : artifact, relic | ||
*''khis'' : mongrel | *''khis'' : mongrel | ||
*''khobu'' : (v.) to fire (from a weapon), to shoot | |||
*''khobu'' : ( | |||
**''khobuuya'' : hold fire, cease firing, do not shoot | **''khobuuya'' : hold fire, cease firing, do not shoot | ||
**''khuughobu'' : (Reduplicative Form) were shooting, were firing | **''khuughobu'' : (Reduplicative Form) were shooting, were firing | ||
*''khobuugha'' : gun, firearm | *''khobuugha'' : gun, firearm | ||
*''khoya'' : wise | *''khoya'' : wise | ||
*''khuut'a'' : | *''khuut'a'' : brother(s), kin | ||
*''khuzho'' : [Reflexive Pronoun] : one's self; myself | *''khuzho'' : [Reflexive Pronoun] : one's self; myself, themselves, itself | ||
*''kkhaaya'' : (v.) to be worthy of | |||
*''kkhaaya'' : ( | |||
**''kkhaayeya'' : not worthy, hardly worth | **''kkhaayeya'' : not worthy, hardly worth | ||
*'' | *''kkhagadza'' : correct, affirmative, that's right | ||
*''kkhosa'' : (v.) to flee | |||
*''kkhosa'' : ( | |||
===L=== | ===L=== | ||
*''la'ajo'' : twin, partner, counterpart | |||
*''la'ajo'' : | *''lakhi'' : (v.) to rise up, to ascend | ||
*''lakhi'' : ( | *''loshkho'' : (v.) to show | ||
*''loshkho'' : ( | |||
**''loloshkho'' : (Reduplicative Form) is revealing | **''loloshkho'' : (Reduplicative Form) is revealing | ||
*''luk'a'' : | *''luk'a'' : spear, pike | ||
*''luuka'' : blood | |||
*''luuka'' : | |||
===M=== | ===M=== | ||
*''maaro'' : ( | *''maaro'' : (v.) to find, to look for, to seek | ||
**'' | **''maarotan'' : found | ||
**''q'amaaro'' : keep looking, continue looking | **''q'amaaro'' : keep looking, continue looking | ||
*''maarot'u'' : a search, exploration, quest | *''maarot'u'' : a search, exploration, quest | ||
*''maasa'' : time, point in time, period | *''maasa'' : time, point in time, period | ||
*''maaziit'u'' : revenge, hatred, vendetta | *''maaziit'u'' : revenge, hatred, vendetta | ||
*'' | *''maikhu'' : tool, device | ||
*''matkha'' : ( | *''matkha'' : (v.) to kill, to slay | ||
**''matkhaji'' : killed, slew | |||
**''matkhaya'' : do not kill | **''matkhaya'' : do not kill | ||
*''mech'imo'' : (v.) to take with, to bring, to obtain (derived from the verb: ch'imo) | |||
*''mech'imo'' : ( | *''mech'in'' : (v.) to cut | ||
*''mech'in'' : ( | |||
*''meghizit'u'' : mission | *''meghizit'u'' : mission | ||
*''mejaya'' : ( | *''mejaya'' : (v.) to prepare, to be ready | ||
* | **''mejayajo'' : preparing | ||
*'' | **''mejayaq'u'' : get equipped | ||
**'' | *''mep'uuka'' : interrogation | ||
*''moduje'' : (v.) to lose track of, to have lost (derived from the verb: duje) | |||
*''mobaat'u'' : revelation | |||
*''mep'uuka'' : interrogation | *''mobit'a'' : (v.) to recall, to remember, to think back on/to (derived from the verb: bit'a) | ||
*'' | *''mogha'' : waves, surge | ||
*''mobaat'u'' : | *''moq'aara'' : (v.) to be pious, to have faith | ||
*''mobit'a'' : ( | **''moq'aaji'' : pious, devout | ||
*''moq'aajo'' : zealot(s) | |||
*''mogha'' : | *''mos'' : brain, mind | ||
*'' | |||
*''moq' | |||
*''moq'aajo'' : | |||
*''mos'' : | |||
**''me mos ba'' : like, as, just as | **''me mos ba'' : like, as, just as | ||
*'' | *''moshkhaa'' : (v.) to indicate | ||
*''mosik'o'' : ( | *''mosik'o'' : (v.) to think, to understand | ||
**''mosik'weya'' : do not understand | **''mosik'weya'' : do not understand | ||
*''mositskha'' : ( | *''mositskha'' : (v.) to intrigue, to fascinate | ||
*''mosone'' : counsel, advice | *''mosone'' : counsel, advice | ||
*''mot' | *''mot'onguu'' : (v.) to agree | ||
*''mot'onguut'u'' : agreement, covenant, pact | *''mot'onguut'u'' : agreement, covenant, pact, treaty | ||
*''mots'aha'' : ( | *''mots'aha'' : (v.) to leave behind, to abandon | ||
*''mu'' : [Third Person singular] : he/him/himself, she/her/herself, they/themself | |||
*''mu'' : [ | *''muuri'' : [Third Person plural] : they, them, themselves | ||
*''muuri'' : [ | |||
===N=== | ===N=== | ||
*''nasa'' : exceeds (a bit much, much too, far too) | |||
*''nasa'' : exceeds (a bit much, much too, far too | |||
**''naseya'' : no more, no longer | **''naseya'' : no more, no longer | ||
*''naya'' : ( | *''naya'' : (v.) to fertilize an egg | ||
**''nenaya'' : (Reduplicative Form) were fertilizing | **''nenaya'' : (Reduplicative Form) were fertilizing | ||
*''nejo'' : father(s) | |||
*''nejo'' : father | *''ngajo'' : nobody, no one | ||
*''ngani'' : need, must, will | |||
*''ngajo'' | *''ngeno'' : (v.) to save | ||
*''ngani'' : need, must, | |||
*''ngeno'' : ( | |||
*''ngitkhagha'' : controls | *''ngitkhagha'' : controls | ||
*''nguuka'' : energy, spirit | |||
*''nguuka'' : energy | |||
*''nizhi'' : and (when used to coordinate nouns and sentences: also, in addition, about, as well) (See also: ze) | *''nizhi'' : and (when used to coordinate nouns and sentences: also, in addition, about, as well) (See also: ze) | ||
*''nuju'' : | *''nuju'' : weak, cowardly | ||
*''nujut'u'' : weakness | *''nujut'u'' : weakness | ||
===O=== | ===O=== | ||
*''ogha'' : foot | |||
**''ogha ni'' : near, close | |||
*''opkho'' : (v.) to bend | |||
**''pkhaapkho'' : (Reduplicative Form) were bending | |||
*''oq'o'' : great, glorious, noble | |||
*''ogha'' : | *''oq'otu'' : glory | ||
**''ogha ni'' : | *''oq'ogakha'' : the sacred stones | ||
*''opkho'' : ( | |||
**''pkhaapkho'' : (Reduplicative Form) | |||
*''oq'o'' : | |||
*''oq'otu'' : | |||
*''oq'ogakha'' : | |||
===P=== | ===P=== | ||
*''p'ayut'u'' : exactly | *''p'ayut'u'' : exactly | ||
*''p'ikhe'' : creature, animal | *''p'ikhe'' : creature, animal | ||
*''p'uuka'' : question; (v.) to question, to ask | |||
*''p'uuka'' : question; ( | *''pkha'' : [an auxiliary used for emphasis or to convey a sense of urgency] (really, greatly, definitely) | ||
*''pkha'' : [an | *''pkhada'' : (v.) to stop, to halt, to cease | ||
*''pkhada'' : ( | *''pkhungo'' : (v.) to sleep | ||
*''pkhungo'' : ( | |||
**''pkhubungo'' : (Reduplicative Form) were sleeping | **''pkhubungo'' : (Reduplicative Form) were sleeping | ||
*''p'umo'' : start, begins, beginning | *''p'umo'' : start, begins, beginning | ||
Line 1,515: | Line 1,110: | ||
===Q=== | ===Q=== | ||
*''q'a'' : but | *''q'a'' : but | ||
*''q'aha'' : (v.) to touch | |||
*''q'aha'' : ( | |||
*''q'aya'' : simple | *''q'aya'' : simple | ||
*''q'on'' : ( | *''q'on'' : (v.) to teach, to inform | ||
*''q'unqa'' : (v.) to forget, to forgive | |||
*''q'unqa'' : ( | |||
**''q'unqijaga'' : will forget | **''q'unqijaga'' : will forget | ||
*''q'ii'' : dead, death, demising | *''q'ii'' : dead, death, demising | ||
*''q'iitu'' : mercy | *''q'iitu'' : mercy, one who is merciful | ||
*''qkhaamo'' : shrine, temple | *''qkhaamo'' : shrine, temple | ||
*''qkhaat'u'' : holiness | *''qkhaat'u'' : holiness | ||
*''qkhado'' : holy, sacred | *''qkhado'' : holy, sacred | ||
*''qkhadomo'' : divine beyond | *''qkhadomo'' : divine beyond | ||
*''qkhan'' : enemy | *''qkhan'' : enemy(ies) | ||
*''qkhe'' : [interjection] oh | |||
*''qkhe'' : | **''qkhe p'os'' : oh shit | ||
**''qkhe p'os'' : | *''qkhoso'' : (v.) to walk | ||
*''qkhoso'' : ( | |||
**''qkhaachaga'' : will walk, shall walk | **''qkhaachaga'' : will walk, shall walk | ||
**''qkhoghoso'' : (Reduplicative Form) were walking | **''qkhoghoso'' : (Reduplicative Form) were walking | ||
===R=== | ===R=== | ||
*''rasq'u'' : (v.) to knock down, to cause to fall | |||
*''riikhe'' : crowd, group, multitude | |||
*''rasq'u'' : ( | |||
*''riikhe'' : | |||
**''riikhe ni'' : together, all together | **''riikhe ni'' : together, all together | ||
**''riikhe oni'' : regroup, rally together | **''riikhe oni'' : regroup, rally together | ||
**''riikhe zi'' : among, in company | **''riikhe zi'' : among, in company | ||
*''riin'' : [ | *''riin'' : [First Person Plural] : we, us, ourselves (inclusive of you) | ||
*''rotkho'' : flesh, skin, hide | |||
*''ruq'a'' : fire, flame | |||
*''ruq'echkha'' : (v.) to burn, to shine, to illuminate | |||
*''rotkho'' : | *''ruq'ota'' : (v.) to burn, to scorch | ||
*''ruujaya'' : (v.) to hurry, to hustle, to come quickly (derived from the verb: jaya) | |||
*''ruq'a'' : | *''ruuk'ina'' : (v.) to attack (derived from the verb: k'ina) | ||
*''ruq'echkha'' : ( | |||
*''ruq'ota'' : ( | |||
*''ruujaya'' : ( | |||
*''ruuk'ina'' : ( | |||
*''ruuq'ontu'' : reeducation | *''ruuq'ontu'' : reeducation | ||
*''ruuq'uuka'' : punishment, chastisement | *''ruuq'uuka'' : punishment, chastisement | ||
*''ruut' | *''ruut'sag'' : (v.) to light, to kindle, to ignite (likely related to the verb: ts'age) | ||
===S=== | ===S=== | ||
*''saatu'' : absolutely | *''saatu'' : absolutely | ||
*''Sangheli'' : | *''Sangheli'' : [[Sanghelios]] | ||
*''satkha'' : ( | *''satkha'' : (v.) to be certain, to be sure | ||
**''sasatkha'' : (Reduplicative Form) emphatically sure | **''sasatkha'' : (Reduplicative Form) emphatically sure | ||
*''shaadat'u'' : loyalty | *''shaadat'u'' : loyalty | ||
*''shak'o'' : route, path, way | *''shak'o'' : route, path, way | ||
*''shandeta'' : ages, generations | *''shandeta'' : ages, generations | ||
*'' | *''skhala'' : hammer, mallet | ||
*''shkhoot'u'' : sign, signal | *''shkhoot'u'' : sign, signal | ||
===T=== | ===T=== | ||
*''t'iis'' : word | *''t'iis'' : word | ||
*''t'iiwa'' : ( | *''t'iiwa'' : (v.) to doubt, to disbelieve | ||
**''t'iiweya'' : doubt not | **''t'iiweya'' : doubt not | ||
*''t'iiwajo'' : | *''t'iiwajo'' : one who doubts, heretic(s) | ||
*''t' | *''t'ighaina'' : (v.) to hear and understand, to read one another (derived from the verb: ghaina) | ||
*''t'ikhawa'' : ( | *''t'ikhawa'' : (v.) to speak, to chat (derived from the verb: khawa) | ||
*''t'isqukho'' : (v.) to release, to let loose, to unleash | |||
*''t'iswaqkho'' : (v.) to permit, to allow, to sanction (derived from the verb: waqkho) | |||
*''t'onguu'' : (v.) to meet | |||
*''t'isqukho'' : ( | |||
*''t'iswaqkho'' : ( | |||
*''t' | |||
*''t'ulu'' : bone | *''t'ulu'' : bone | ||
*''tkha'' : [Inanimate Third Person Singular] : it, itself, that | |||
*''tkha'' : | *''tkhaari'' : [Inanimate Third Person Plural] : those, them | ||
*''tkhaari'' : | |||
*''tkhaas'' : there, over there | *''tkhaas'' : there, over there | ||
**''tkhaas oni'' : to there, that way | **''tkhaas oni'' : to there, that way | ||
*'' | *''tkhahan'' : (v.) to finish, to conclude | ||
*''tkhazhi'' : then, and then | *''tkhazhi'' : then, and then | ||
*''tkhet'a'' : | *''tkhet'a'' : species, people, kin, nest | ||
**''tkhet'a ga'' : please | **''tkhet'a ga'' : please | ||
*''tkhop'o'' : (v.) to name | |||
*''tkhop' | **''tkhaadop'o'' : (Reduplicative Form) were naming | ||
**''tkhaadop' | *''tkhu'' : (n.) thing, object | ||
*''tkhunga'' : (v.) to send, to deliver | |||
*''tkhu'' : ( | *''tkhungat'u'' : herald, bearer | ||
*''tkhunga'' : ( | *''tkhuyujo'' : ancients, forerunner(s) | ||
*''tkhungat'u'' : | *''ts'aha'' : (v.) to be there, to be in proximity | ||
*''tkhuyujo'' : ancients, forerunner | *''ts'ukho'' : (v.) to be | ||
**''ts'uutsukho'' : (reduplication) : (v.) to be emphatically true | |||
*''ts'aha'' : ( | |||
*''ts' | |||
**''ts'ukhi'' : come to be, turn out to be, was | **''ts'ukhi'' : come to be, turn out to be, was | ||
*''ts'uuchaga'' : | *''ts'uuchaga'' : yes, will be, shall be | ||
*''ts'uutsughaleya'' : impossible, cannot be possible | *''ts'uutsughaleya'' : impossible, cannot be possible | ||
*''tskha'' : ( | *''tskha'' : (v.) to do | ||
===U=== | ===U=== | ||
*''uro'' : claws | |||
*''uuri'' : very much, nearly, fairly, quite | |||
*''uutu'' : evil | |||
*''uro'' : | |||
*'' | |||
*''uutu'' : evil | |||
===W=== | ===W=== | ||
*''waaka'' : | *''waaka'' : gift, present | ||
*''waqkho'' : ( | **''gawaaka'' : sacrifice, offering | ||
*''warut'o'' : ( | *''waqkho'' : (v.) to give, to grant, to offer | ||
*''warut'o'' : (v.) to go, to move forward, to charge (inspired by ''wort'' from the games) | |||
**''q'awarut'o'' : continue on, onward | **''q'awarut'o'' : continue on, onward | ||
*''waruutu'' : | *''waruutu'' : journey, voyage, expedition | ||
*''wele'' : ship, vessel | |||
*''welekkhosa'' : (v.) to retreat (derived from the verb: kkhosa) | |||
*''wele'' : | |||
*''welekkhosa'' : ( | |||
===Y=== | ===Y=== | ||
*''yodu'' : soon | |||
*''yodu'' : | |||
===Z=== | ===Z=== | ||
*''zaya'' : (v.) to expand | |||
*''zaya'' : ( | |||
**''zaazaya'' : (Reduplicative Form) were expanding | **''zaazaya'' : (Reduplicative Form) were expanding | ||
*''ze'' : and (when used to coordinate adjectives) (See also: nizhi) | *''ze'' : and (when used to coordinate adjectives) (See also: nizhi) | ||
* | *''zhaan'' : day | ||
*''zhiiqo'' : time, times | |||
*''zhuro'' : weapon(s) | |||
*''zhiiqo'' : time | |||
*''zhuro'' : weapon | |||
=== | ===Uncertain Vocabulary=== | ||
The following words do not appear frequently in Peterson's translations. | The following words do not appear frequently in Peterson's translations. | ||
*'' | |||
*'' | *''asho'' : blue | ||
*'' | *''banechkha'' : (v.) to release, to let go of | ||
*'' | *''ch'intu'' : wound | ||
*'' | **''bach'intu'' : scratch, little wound | ||
*'' | *''dunga'' : world | ||
*'' | *''gazhumaaka'' : alert | ||
*'' | *''gwis'' : (v.) to lead, to guide | ||
*'' | *''has'' : sun | ||
*'' | *''kkhago'' : ring, circle | ||
*''lushkho'' : star | |||
*''nga'' : nothing | |||
*''ngatkhet'a'' : absent, missing | |||
*''p'ekkha'' : (v.) to form, to shape | |||
*''p'uko'' : book | |||
*''q'iskhe'' : (v.) to appear intact, to be whole/complete | |||
*''res'' : to die | |||
*''ruubaabaacho'' : intruder(s) | |||
*''ts'age'' : (v.) to glow, to shine | |||
*''zhiija'' : appropriately, rightly, suitably | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== |