Editing Glassing

{{Era|Covenant|HCW|Post|FA}}
[[File:Reach glassed.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Reach]] being glassed by the Covenant.]]
{{Quote|You are, all of you... vermin. Cowering in the dirt thinking... what, I wonder? That you might escape the coming fire? No. Your world will burn until its surface is but glass!|The [[Prophet of Truth]], to [[human]]s regarding [[Earth]]<ref>'''[[Halo 3]]''', campaign level ''[[Crow's Nest (level)|Crow's Nest]]''</ref>}}

The term '''glassing''', more formally known as '''plasma bombardment''',<ref name="Strike">'''[[Halo: First Strike]]''', ''page 105'' (2003 edition); ''page 136'' (2010 edition)</ref> is used to refer to the act by which the [[Covenant]]'s ships [[Orbital bombardment|bombard a planet from orbit]] by using heavy [[plasma weaponry]]. [[Human colonies]] destroyed by this process would come to be referred to as the "glasslands".<ref name="glasslands">'''[[Halo: Glasslands]]''', ''page 295''</ref> 

==Doctrine==
[[File:Ritual_Glassing.png|right|thumb|250px|A [[Unidentified Shipmaster (Righteous Vigilance)|shipmaster]] during the ritual destruction of Kholo, overseen by the [[Prophet of Conviction]].]]
The process of glassing a planet begins when a [[Covenant fleet|fleet]] has achieved air and space superiority on an enemy-controlled world. The specifics of the glassing process vary depending on the strategic significance of the planet or the orders of the [[Fleet Master]]. A [[Lesser Prophet|Minor Prophet]] or [[Minister (title)|Minister]] is typically assigned to most [[Covenant]] fleets to oversee the destruction of a human world. In some or possibly all instances, before the fleet is permitted to destroy a planet, the Prophet performs a religious ritual—the Prophet declares by which religious ideal of the Covenant, marked by a glyph, will the world be destroyed. There is currently only one known instance of a human world, [[Kholo]], having a glyph burned into its surface.<ref>'''[[Halo: Evolutions]]''', "[[The Return]]", ''pages 494-496''</ref> 

Before bombardment commences, all Covenant ground operations cease and local forces are evacuated. The Covenant will then begin glassing the planet from orbit by moving their large warships close together, proceeding to blanket the world's population centers and the surrounding areas with a series of crisscrossing orbits to ensure that the planet is rendered uninhabitable.<ref name="fs130">'''Halo: First Strike''', ''page 130'' (2010 edition)</ref><ref name="doctrine" group="note">According to earlier media, such as the original printing of ''Halo: First Strike'', the Covenant glassed every square centimeter of a planet. However, later media show a more practical approach to glassing in which only part, perhaps most, of a planet is glassed in order to render it uninhabitable; the 2011 re-release of ''Halo: First Strike'' was [[List of changes in Halo novel reprints#Halo: First Strike|modified]] to accommodate this.</ref> The glassing of a planet by the Covenant is a very taxing process, and requires a massive amount of energy even for a [[Technological Achievement Tiers#Tier 2: Interstellar|Tier 2 civilization]];<ref>'''Halo: Evolutions''', "The Return", ''page 495''</ref><ref name="data10"/> Nevertheless, the Covenant are able to accomplish this feat in an effective matter.

Glassing a planet can take a great deal of time, dependent upon both the tonnage and class of the vessels involved and how many ships are within the fleet. It could take as little as two days<ref>'''[[Halo Legends]]''', ''Halo: The Story So Far''</ref> or as much as two weeks<ref>'''[[Halo: The Fall of Reach]]''' (2010), ''Adjunct - page 389''</ref> or longer to complete the process. While partial glassing can be accomplished in a matter of days, covering the entire surface area to the last centimeter would take a prohibitive amount of time. The [[Assembly]] believed that, were the Covenant to commit thousands of ships to the task, it would have taken them around thirty years to completely glass [[Earth]] alone; Earth's relatively small size, along with a myriad of other factors, would likely cause the thorough glassing of larger planets to take even longer.<ref name="data10"/><ref name="fleet" group="note">While the Assembly asserts in Data Pad 10 that glassing a whole planet is a feat too impractical for the Covenant to feasibly achieve, the rest of canon contradicts this. Numerous instances are listed in the novels where glassing and glassed planets are observed, as well as in ''Halo: Reach'' where the data pads are from, since Reach's burnt surface is the opening shot of the game. Possible reasons for this discrepancy may be that the Assembly had only observed low-altitude bombardment, which is much slower and precise, or that they had misjudged the size of the full Covenant fleet, since they had based their figures on a fleet the size of the UNSC's. While the Assembly never explicitly retracts its statement, it does however state in Data Pad 14 that terraforming on the first eight colonies lost could take up to 3 centuries, an unusually long figure if those planets' full surfaces were never scorched. Based on the sum of the canon, it is thus assumed here that glassing is indeed a true method of attack by the Covenant.</ref>

The Covenant have been known to utilize two methods of glassing.

===Orbital bombardment===
[[File:Reach 13943058 Full.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Covenant orbital bombardment as viewed from orbit.]]
Typically, when fleet actions require no deployment of ground forces, the Covenant will glass the planet from orbit; this is accomplished by their larger warships gathering close together, aiming their plasma batteries, located along the lateral lines of their warships towards the surface and firing them.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 8'' (2001 edition); ''page 22'' (2010 edition)</ref> Once discharged, the plasma rounds are guided towards the surface, contained in a magnetic bubble and controlled by the ships automation through miles of atmospheric interference until it strikes its intended target. Resembling gigantic fireballs,<ref name="strike2">'''Halo: First Strike''' ''page 32'' ''page 46'' </ref> these plasma lances are a hundred meters across,<ref name="strike2"/> and strike the surface with tremendous speed and force.

The impact of the plasma lance is similar to that of a nuclear detonation, though on a much different scale. When the plasma bolt impacts the surface, the magnetic field sustaining and guiding the plasma collapses, and, depending on how powerful the release of energy is, the initial zone of impact is obliterated instantly. The areas outside of the initial impact zone are affected by the heat wave generated by the blast; depending on the range, those closest outside of the blast zone are instantly killed by the intense heat. As thermal expansion takes over, the resulting flames fan out and create a [[Wikipedia:Pyroclastic surge|pyroclastic surge]] which continues to burn the areas it comes into contact with until it has cooled enough that it cannot harm the surface.{{fact}}

The topsoil in the impact zone and other surface geology become molten and are converted into a mineral called [[Wikipedia:Lechatelierite|lechatelierite]], which is similar to glass. The surrounding areas are blasted with intense heat and are burned.<ref name="Scar">'''Halo: Evolutions''', "The Return", ''page 505''</ref>

Subsequently, the atmosphere is saturated with millions of tons of ash, debris, and soot that are thrown up from the initial impact, blocking sunlight and dramatically lowering the amount of sunlight reaching the planets surface, subjecting it to an impact winter. As the ground zero area cools, the surface is covered by extensive areas of molten soil, and is comparable to active volcanic sites in some parts of the world, on a larger scale.{{fact}}

===Low-altitude bombardment===
[[File:ReachMenuGlassing.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Low-altitude bombardment of [[Aszod]].]]
When ground engagements are in effect, the Covenant will resort to low range bombardment, bringing their ships closer to the surface to destroy the area in question. This is accomplished by either building up or focusing plasma though a magnetic envelope from the [[energy projector]] located on the underside of the ship, and then discharging the plasma as a narrow beam. A single {{Class|CCS|battlecruiser}} can glass approximately one acre of a planet's surface in fifteen seconds of sustained fire, with desert taking less time and deep ocean taking much longer to glass.<ref name="data10">'''[[Halo: Reach]]''', ''[[Data pads#Data pad 10|Data pad 10]]''</ref> The Covenant use low-range bombardment in many battles where major ground engagements are occurring; smaller warships use this method specifically to deal with human armies and low-level structures during campaigns, while larger Covenant warships use this to level cities while engagements are occurring. 

Low-range bombardment is not performed solely by energy projectors; smaller Covenant ships like [[Covenant corvette|corvettes]] are equipped with bombardment guns that fire smaller, less-powerful lances than those utilized by capital ships.<ref>'''[[Halo: Reach Official Strategy Guide|Halo: Reach Legendary Edition Guide]]''' ''page 440''</ref> Capital ships can also use their energy projector to excavate areas of interest for the Covenant, such as unearthing the [[Portal at Voi|Portal]] to [[Installation 00]] during the Battle of Earth.

Although it rarely occurred, the Covenant sometimes glassed areas while their ground forces were still in the vicinity.<ref>'''Halo: Reach''', campaign level, ''[[New Alexandria (level)|New Alexandria]]''</ref><ref>'''Halo: Reach''', campaign level, ''[[The Pillar of Autumn (Halo: Reach level)|The Pillar of Autumn]]''</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Glasslands cover2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[New Llanelli]]'s surface reduced to a glassy crust.]]
The destructive process of bombarding the surface of a planet with plasma leaves the surface unable to recover to its former state without re-[[terraforming]]. During the glassing of a planet the Covenant focus on destroying the ecosystem of a planet, and will spend a considerable amount of time vaporizing any bodies of water the planet may possess, or at least reduces the remaining water to small, ash-choked pools. The deeper the body of water is, the more time it will take to vaporize it.<ref name="data10"/> Once the Covenant have finished the surface is dead, devoid of any life on the surface. From orbit the world is simply a series of grays, blacks and reds,<ref>'''Halo: First Strike''' ''Bonus Content page 417''</ref> everything on the surface is charred and the air is littered with ash and dust.

It is possible for the atmosphere of a planet to boil away, or more correctly, suffer atmospheric escape from the process.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''', ''page 8'' (2001 edition); ''page 23'' (2010 edition)</ref> Large planets, particularly those of which the damage is not enough for it to lose atmospheric gases to space, do not suffer this.

Because of the extensive destruction brought by the Covenant, the only way the world could recover is by re-terraforming efforts. The undertaking of such an effort would be massive and time consuming, ranging from a conservative 110 years to over 300 years given the manpower and technology at the time of such estimates.<ref>'''Halo: Reach''', ''[[Data pads#Data pad 14|Data pad 14]]''</ref> However, these estimates were made in [[2530]], and human technology took drastic leaps forward in the wake of the Human-Covenant War over 20 years later, particularly due to advances brought forth by the discovery of Forerunner technology. It is apparent that such figures do not hold true in the post-war era, as Reach was at least partially re-terraformed within thirty-seven years.<ref>'''Halo: Reach''', campaign level ''[[Lone Wolf]]''</ref>

Throughout the Human-Covenant War, areas of interest to the Covenant were left intact for reasons of study or retrieval; however, this was not common, as only a handful of planets were partially glassed and only when a Forerunner artifact was discovered.<ref>'''Halo: First Strike''' ''page 122''; ''page 150'' (2010 edition)</ref> After the Covenant glassed a planet, a shard of glass was removed and was placed in the [[Sanctum of the Hierarchs]] within ''[[High Charity]]''.<ref>'''Halo: First Strike''' ''page 338'' (2003 edition); ''page 405'' (2010 edition)</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sanctum shards.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A chamber within the Sanctum of the Hierarchs containing shards from every world glassed by the Covenant.]]
Since the formation of the Covenant in [[852 BCE]], the Covenant have used their ship-borne plasma weapons to threaten lesser species into a truce and their eventual induction into the Covenant. The [[Lekgolo]] were the first to be threatened with such destruction because of their transgressions against Forerunner technology before becoming the first outside species to join the Covenant in [[784 BCE]].<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''' ''page 270''</ref><ref>'''[[Halo Encyclopedia]]''' ''page 114''</ref> The [[Unggoy]] almost faced orbital bombardment for their [[Unggoy Rebellion|rebellion]] in [[2462]] CE, or the 39th [[Ages of Conflict|Age of Conflict]] by Covenant records.<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''', ''page 151''</ref><ref>'''Halo Encyclopedia''' ''page 142''</ref> Although the [[Kig-Yar]] were not threatened with orbital bombardment, they were quick to realize the Covenant had such a capacity to destroy them and thus chose to join the Covenant for greater wealth that the Covenant would provide.<ref>'''Halo Encyclopedia''' ''page 121''</ref>

===Human-Covenant War===
{{Main|Human-Covenant War}}
After the [[Hierarchs]]' declaration to exterminate humanity, the Covenant put all of their destructive methods to use. The first planet to suffer this fate was [[Harvest]], glassed by the [[Jiralhanae]]-operated [[CCS-class battlecruiser|battlecruiser]] ''[[Rapid Conversion]]''.<ref>'''Halo: Contact Harvest''' ''page 285''</ref> Prior to the war, the territory of the [[Unified Earth Government]] comprised over eight-hundred planets; most of these worlds were glassed during the war.<ref>'''[[Halo Encyclopedia]]''', "chapter 1", ''page 33''</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080424150226/www.xbox.com/en-US/games/h/halo/storyline.htm '''Xbox.com''': ''The Halo Timeline'']</ref>

By the time [[Vice Admiral]] [[Preston Jeremiah Cole|Preston Cole]] arrived with [[Battle Group X-Ray|his battlegroup]] in [[2526|March 2526]], the Covenant had nearly destroyed the entire planet. After Cole's bloody victory, the UNSC waged a [[Harvest Campaign|five-year campaign]] to reclaim the planet as it underwent a nuclear winter.{{fact}}

The term "glassing" was coined by the [[artificial intelligence]] group known as the [[Assembly]] in 2526. The group at the time estimated that it would take 30.3801 years for a Covenant fleet of comparable size to that of the UNSC's to glass Earth. The Assembly chose the term to magnify the horrible act in the hope that it would galvanize humanity into action.<ref name="data10"/>

Throughout the rest of 2525 and 2526, the Covenant continued their campaigns in the [[Outer Colonies]], glassing a number of worlds and human establishments including Biko, Green Hills, and Bliss. Admiral Cole and his fleet continued fighting for these colonies but they were lost causes, the Covenant with their determination, superior firepower and technology continued their ruthless campaign until the last outer colony was glassed in [[2535]]. Each battle human forces face with the Covenant were brutal ground forces were often deployed first, but as UNSC forces were routed in space, the bombardment would commence resulting in either loss of life or retreat.<ref>'''Halo: The Fall of Reach''' ''page 173''; ''page 199'' (2010 edition)</ref>

The Covenant's bloody campaign continued as they moved into the [[Inner Colonies]] and began glassing major worlds. Throughout the 2540s, the UNSC continued their attempts at slowing the Covenant. Although some of their tactics succeeded, the Covenant continued to swarm human-controlled space, glassing every world they found. After the apparent death of Admiral Cole in [[2543]], the Covenant briefly halted their advance, then renewed their bloody tenacity and attacked human-controlled worlds with even more ferocity. After the [[Fall of Reach]] in the summer of 2552, the Covenant leadership believed that humanity would lose the will to fight.<ref>'''Halo: Evolutions - Essential Tales of the Halo Universe''', "The Return", ''page 499''</ref> However, this was a miscalculation, as humanity's disastrous defeat at Reach caused them to fight to the last breath, scoring a crushing victory at [[Installation 04]], which would indirectly lead to the [[Great Schism]], and with the crucial help of their new-found Sangheili allies, Humanity would win the Human-Covenant war. 

The [[Battle of Earth]] culminated in the glassing of the city of [[Voi]] in [[Africa]] by [[Thel 'Vadam's Covenant faction|Covenant separatists]] in an effort to contain a [[The Flood|Flood]] infestation which had come to [[Earth]] only hours earlier.<ref>'''Halo 3''', campaign level, ''[[Floodgate]]''</ref> [[Fleet Admiral]] [[Terrence Hood]] accused [[Shipmaster]] [[Rtas 'Vadum]] and the ''[[Fleet of Retribution]]'' of glassing half of the continent, but later views of Africa's surface showed only a relatively small area was scorched.<ref>'''Halo 3''', campaign level, [[Halo (Halo 3 level)|Halo]]</ref><ref>[[:File:PortalOrbit.png]]</ref> Given Hood's distaste for his former enemies, he probably exaggerated about the extent of the glassing.

==List of known glassed worlds==
{{scroll box
|
'''2525''': [[Harvest]] {{C|Partially}}, [[Biko]], [[Second Base]], [[Green Hills]]

'''2526''': [[Bliss]], [[Circinius IV]]

'''2528''': [[Madrigal]]

'''Before 2529''': [[Asmara]]

'''2528/29''': [[Hat Yai]]

'''Before 2530''': [[Cote d'Azure]]

'''2530''': [[Eridanus II]]

'''2532''': [[Vodin]] {{C|Partially}}

'''Before 2533''': [[Sansar]]

'''2535''': [[Jericho VII]], [[Charybdis IX]]

'''2536''': [[New Constantinople]]

'''Prior to 2537''': [[Eirene]]

'''2537''': Two out of three of the colony worlds in the [[Leonis Minoris system|Leonis Minoris]] star system

'''2539''': [[Kholo]]

'''2542/43''': [[Alluvion]]

'''2544''': [[Miridem]]

'''2545''': [[Actium]]

'''2546''': [[New Llanelli]]

'''2547''': [[Skopje]]

'''2549''': [[Arcadia]], [[Paris IV]]

'''2551''': [[Meridian]]

'''2552''': [[Reach]], [[New Jerusalem]], [[Coral]], [[Earth]] {{C|Partially}}

'''2553''': [[Shaps III]] {{C|Partially}}

'''Unknown''': [[Balaho]] {{C|Partially}}, [[Bounty]], [[Camber]], [[Endymion]], [[Estuary]], [[Greydowns]], [[Kroedis II]], [[Mesa]], [[Reynes]] 
}}
<!--Please be aware that this list is incomplete and some worlds are left out because of their unknown status. If a planet has not been confirmed as being glassed, do not add it to this list.-->

==''Halo Wars'' gameplay==
{{Quote|Burn, heretics!|Regret, when using his Cleansing ability.}}
In ''Halo Wars'', the [[Prophet of Regret]] is able to call down a "Cleansing Beam" from an orbiting Covenant ship. Rather than a leader power, this is treated as the unit's secondary ability, using the left control stick to guide the beam at the cost of [[resources]] every second. It lacks the power of typical glassing maneuvers to balance gameplay, much like [[James Cutter|Captain Cutter's]] ability to fire a MAC blast at enemy targets. The upgrades ''Regret’s Sentence'', ''Regret’s Doom'', and ''Regret's Condemnation'' increase its blast radius, though require a higher tech level to purchase.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:H2A Terminals - Damaged Balaho.jpg|Balaho is partially glassed in the wake of the [[Unggoy Rebellion]].
File:Harvest Plasma Glassed.jpg|Harvest, partially glassed by the Covenant.
File:ReachConcept - FoR.jpg|The surface of Reach after being glassed.
File:Reachglassed.png| Texture of Reach in the final stages of the battle as seen in Condemned's skybox.
File:Reach Glassed.jpg|An orbital view of Reach's surface after glassing.
File:HaloReach - Glassing.jpg|A {{Class|CCS|battlecruiser}} glassing New Alexandria.
File:NA Glassed.jpg|The glassed remnants of New Alexandria.
File:Halo3 E3 TRAILER 2007 720p30 ST 6300Kbps 002 0001.jpg|Two ''CCS''-class battlecruisers perform a low-altitude glassing of Voi.
File:Kholo.png|Covenant ships glassing Kholo.
File:H2A Terminals - Colony glassed.png|A Covenant armada approaches a glassed human colony. 
File:Kholo 14.png|The Covenant ceremoniously carve the glyph for "Faith" into Kholo, permanently scarring its surface. 
File:Glyph of Faith.JPG|The glyph for "Faith" carved onto Kholo's surface.
File:Mombasa Glassing.jpg|New Mombasa being glassed.
File:Portal odst.png|The Prophet of Truth’s fleet uncovers [[the Portal]].
File:Covenant Destroyers Glass Harvest.jpg|Two Covenant destroyers glassing Harvest.
File:HW Genesis back cover.png|Three Covenant destroyers glassing Harvest.
File:7inTheSky.png|A plasma lance impacts on Reach's surface.
File:GlasssingPOA.jpg|A ''CCS''-class battlecruiser glassing Reach.
File:Glassinglaz0r.jpg|The Cleansing Beam, as seen in ''Halo Wars''.
File:FUD-Corbulo-Glassed.jpg|Circinius IV being glassed.
File:H2A Terminals - Human city.png|A massive human city being glassed.
</gallery>

==List of appearances==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
*''[[Halo: The Fall of Reach]]'' {{1st}}
*''[[Halo: The Flood]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: First Strike]]''
*''[[Halo 2]]''
*''[[Halo: Ghosts of Onyx]]''
*''[[Halo 3]]''
*''[[Halo: Contact Harvest]]''
*''[[Halo: The Cole Protocol]]''
*''[[Halo Wars: Genesis]]''
*''[[Halo Wars]]''
*''[[Halo: Helljumper]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo 3: ODST]]''
*''[[Halo Legends]]''
**''[[Origins]]''
**''[[Homecoming]]''
*''[[Halo: Evolutions - Essential Tales of the Halo Universe]]''
**''[[Dirt]]''
**''[[The Impossible Life and the Possible Death of Preston J. Cole]]''
**''[[The Return]]''
{{Col-2}}
*''[[Halo: Blood Line]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Reach]]''
**''[[Data pads]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Halo: Fall of Reach]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Boot Camp|Boot Camp]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Covenant|Covenant]]''
**''[[Halo: Fall of Reach - Invasion|Invasion]]''
*''[[Halo: Glasslands]]''
*''[[Halo: The Thursday War]]''
*''[[Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn]]''
*''[[Halo 4]]''
**''[[Terminal/Halo 4|Terminals]]''
*''[[Halo: Spartan Assault]]''
*''[[Halo: Escalation]]''
*''[[Halo: Mortal Dictata]]''
*''[[Halo: Broken Circle]]''
*''[[Halo 2 Anniversary]]''
**''[[Terminal/Halo 2 Anniversary|Terminals]]''
{{Col-end}}

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>

==Sources==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Military Terminology]]
[[Category:Terms and Phrases]]
[[Category:The Covenant]]