Editing Astroengineering

{{Status|Canon}}
{{Wikipedia|Astronomical engineering}}
[[File:TerminalArkArray.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Installation 00|The Ark]] and the 7 [[Halo Array|Halo rings]].]]
'''Astroengineering''' is the name given to the construction of megastructures in space by technologically advanced beings. It is a form of megascale engineering, but deals with structures that are "easily observable" from interstellar distances with 20th century astronomical instruments: e.g. a [[space elevator]] is an example of megascale engineering, but it is not an example of astroengineering. A notable example of astroengineering are the [[Halo Array|Halo rings]], built by the technologically advanced [[Forerunner]]s.

Only civilizations with a minimum [[Technological Achievement Tiers|Technological Achievement Tier]] of 2 can construct such megastructures. As a Tier 3 civilization, the [[United Nations Space Command]] lacks known astroengineered structures.

==Forerunners==
[[File:Delta Halo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Installation 05]], the second Halo discovered by the UNSC and the Covenant.]]
The Forerunners are renowned for their mimicry of natural environments, but it is their engineering achievements that stand as monuments to their extraordinary prowess, centuries after they have passed on. Their [[Halo Array|Halo Installations]], [[shield world]]s, and [[Installation 00|the Ark]] are all artificial habitats on a vastly larger scale than anything that either [[human]]ity or the [[Covenant]] could have accomplished. Forerunner megastructures were typically designed by members of the [[Builder]] [[rate]] and constructed by the [[Huragok]] as well as a wide range of automatons ranging from diminutive [[Constructor]]s to colossal [[Retriever Sentinel]]s. Meanwhile, the [[Miner]]s were tasked with stellar and planetary engineering.<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum'''</ref>

===Halo Array===
{{Main|Halo Array}}
The Halo installations are planet-sized artificial worlds, shaped like a ring. The interior surface contains a breathable atmosphere and seemingly natural terrain, including oceans, lakes, mountains, forests, and tundras. Underneath this is a support layer, upon which this terrain has been put in place, consisting of a vast grid network of metallic plates that provide the base. The [[Earth]]-like gravity on a Halo installation is provided by the centripetal force of the ring's spin as well as an [[artificial gravity]] field.<ref>'''Halo: The Flood''', ''page 14''</ref>

The Halos were constructed as weapons of mass destruction on a galactic scale, designed to kill all sentient lifeforms in their radius of effect, approximately 25,000 light-years, by firing a harmonic pulse of cross-phased supermassive neutrinos.<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''page 274''</ref>

===Artificial planets===
[[File:Onyxbetter.jpg|thumb|250px|Artificial planet [[Onyx]], before its destruction.]]
The Forerunners were also adept at creating artificial planets in a variety of ways. They were capable of speeding up natural planetary formation by collapsing an asteroid field into a molten mass of a twenty-megameter range, and then form it into a protoplanet which could be fully cooled in less than ten thousand years.<ref name="c221">'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''page 221''</ref>

In addition, they employed other methods to construct planetary-scale megastructures, such as [[Onyx]]. Internally, Onyx's structure was maintained by, and even ''composed of,'' trillions of [[Onyx Sentinel|Sentinels]] and at least one immense [[Sentinel constructor factory]], while externally the planet can appear like many other terrestrial planets, with a wide variety of terrain.
 
A variation of the concept also exists, built in a more conventional fashion. Employed in a variation of the shield world concept known as a conservation sphere,<ref name="evg">'''[[Halo: The Essential Visual Guide]]''', ''page 174''</ref> this variation is a structure whose surface is composed of an outer shell, with a hollow interior and a habitable inner surface, and a miniaturized artificial star in the center. The interior resembles a [[Dyson sphere]], though on a far smaller scale.

While not intended to mimic planets as much as be employed as weapons of war, the [[Forerunner fleet]] employed a kind of warship known as a [[Castellan]], a "moon-sized" colossal [[battle station]].<ref name="WF86">''[[Halo: Warfleet – An Illustrated Guide to the Spacecraft of Halo|Halo: Warfleet]]'', Battle Stations - p.86-87</ref>

====Onyx====
{{Main|Onyx}}
The artificial planet Onyx was used as a cover for the slipspace-based [[Shield World]] in its core. It was later colonized by the [[UNSC]], oblivious as to its true origins until [[2552]], when its [[Onyx Sentinel|Sentinels]] activated to defend the Shield World. It was later damaged by [[FENRIS nuclear warhead]]s, and destroyed as its Sentinels burst free and set up defensive stations around the Shield World portal.<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''pages 377-378''</ref>

====Shield 0459====
{{Main|Shield 0459}}
This shield installation was representative of a smaller variation of the shield world concept. Known as a conservation sphere,{{Ref/Reuse|evg}} the facility consisted of a hollow spherical shell with a terraformed inner surface and an internal sun. The installation's outer surface was heavily infested by the [[Flood]].

It was destroyed by the [[United Nations Space Command|UNSC]] forces in [[2531]] when the overloaded [[Shaw-Fujikawa Translight Engine|Slipspace drive]] of {{UNSCShip|Spirit of Fire}} sent the internal star to [[supernova]] state.

===Dyson spheres===
{{Main|Dyson sphere}}
The Forerunners also constructed massive Dyson spheres, such as the shield world known as [[Trevelyan|Shield World 006]] held within Onyx. With a diameter of 2 astronomical units,<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''page 380''</ref> this shield world was encapsulated in a [[Slipstream space|Slipspace]] field to protect the occupants from the Halo Array as it activated. Essentially a sphere, with its habitable surface on its internal surface rather than external, these "micro" Dyson spheres are also equipped with their own stars,<ref>'''Halo: Ghosts of Onyx''', ''page 379''</ref> providing warmth, light and energy to the installation. Originally intended as a way to circumvent the Halo effect, the shield worlds were not put into use by the Forerunners due to the rampant actions of [[Mendicant Bias|one]] of their own AI constructs.<ref>'''Halo 3''', ''[[Terminal (Halo 3)|Terminal]]s''</ref>

The interior of [[Trove]] was essentially a variation of this concept, albeit on a far smaller scale and not enveloped in slipspace.

===Installation 00===
[[File:H3 Installation00 Full.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Installation 00]]]]
{{Main|Installation 00}}
[[Installation 00]] is a Forerunner megastructure vaguely similar to an [[Wikipedia:Alderson disk|Alderson disk]] in overall shape.

With a diameter of 127,530 kilometers,<ref>'''Halo: The Essential Visual Guide''', ''page 14''</ref> and a larger total surface area than a Halo installation, it incorporates many similar elements, including [[Earth]]-like gravity and atmosphere and a rich and diverse ecosystem. Located in the center of the installation is a [[Strip mining moon|small planetoid]], used for raw materials, and a star orbiting nearby despite its location: 2<sup>18</sup>, or 262,144 light years outside of the [[Milky Way|Milky Way Galaxy]], where stars cannot naturally form. It is possible that this is an artificial sun created by the Forerunners.<ref>'''Halo 3''', campaign level, ''[[The Ark (level)|The Ark (Level)]]''</ref>

Rather than being a superweapon, like the Halos, the Ark functions as the control center of the Halo Array. It also served as the lead researching station for the Librarian and as a construction facility for Halos, using the planetoid to provide metals, gases, elements and other resources needed for reconstruction. After the construction is complete, the Halo is transported to its destination via a [[Slipspace portal]].

Originally, an even larger [[Ark]] facility existed, known as the [[greater Ark]]. This second Ark was used to construct and repair a series of larger Halo rings. Though it differed from Installation 00 in a number of respects, it shared its general flower-like shape and was similarly located outside the galaxy.<ref>'''Halo: Primordium''', ''page 371''</ref>

===Stars===
[[File:Artificial sun.jpg|thumb|250px|The Ark's artificial sun]]
The Forerunners had the ability to harness the energy output of an entire star by using containment and collection fields; dozens of stars had been harnessed for energy production this way.<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''page 243''</ref> Forerunners stellar engineers nicknamed "[[plasma jockey]]s" also experimented with controlling young stars, attempting to "tame" them for future use.{{Ref/Reuse|c221}}

The Forerunners could also either create artificial stars, or move existing stars across distances of thousands of light years, either of which would be a tremendous technological feat. Additionally, they were able to extrude whole stars into slipspace. One star was used in the construction of the [[Shield World]], [[Trevelyan|Shield World 006]], while an artificial star, created just for it, orbited [[Installation 00]]. [[Trove]] also had a miniaturized artificial star in its center.

===Construction===
{{Quote|A Halo’s construction is executed by armies of Sentinels: some are the size of cities. Viewing the picture of the reconstituted asteroid material, you can see the process of skinning the Halo. There are four huge terraforming factories moving across the face of the Halo.  They hold in the atmosphere which would leak out across the face, eventually pouring through the super structure, tugged into place by centrifugal force.|[[The Art of Halo 3]]<ref>'''[[The Art of Halo 3|Art of Halo 3]]''', ''page 117''</ref>}}
The exact methods used by the Forerunners to construct their artificial worlds is unknown. Presumably, large numbers of various types of [[Sentinel]]s play a role in the construction process, laying down the initial structure. Over this is laid a vast network of scaffolding, over which the artificial environment is placed, including earth, rocks, and significant quantities of [[water]]. Some terrain patterns deemed particularly pleasing were repeated in different locales and installations, often with some degree of minor variation to the base template. As a result, separate Forerunner sites may house near-identical environments, an example of which is [[Two Giants]] on [[Requiem]] and several analogous sites on Installations [[Installation 00|00]] and [[Installation 04]].<ref>[https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/forums/db05ce78845f4120b062c50816008e5d/topics/how-did-valhalla-get-to-requiem/8cff90a9-7d22-413e-aebf-e35800653cc6/posts '''Halo Waypoint:''' ''How Did Valhalla Get to Requiem?'']</ref>

[[Installation 00|The Ark]] plays a significant and noteworthy part in construction, and is the location where replacement Halo Installations are built and later transported, should one be destroyed by the [[Flood]] or opposing forces.

==Covenant==
[[File:HM-HighCharityBC.png|250px|thumb|High Charity under construction.]]
Though on a far smaller scale, the Covenant have been known to build superstructures.
===High Charity===
{{Main|High Charity}}
High Charity was the Covenant capital city prior to 2552. Presumed to be built around a chunk of rock taken from the [[San'Shyuum]]'s home planet, it was not only an artificial planet, but capable of traveling through slipspace, powered by a surviving [[Keyship]] known to the Covenant as the [[Anodyne Spirit|Forerunner Dreadnought]]. It was the largest known Covenant artificial planetoid, at 348 kilometers in diameter, as well as the home of the majority of the [[San'Shyuum]] population, and was infested by the Flood, and eventually destroyed in the [[Battle of Installation 00]].

===Unyielding Hierophant===
{{Main|Unyielding Hierophant}}
The ''Unyielding Hierophant'' was a mobile space station used as a fleet command center and refit platform. Approximately 30 kilometers long and 10&nbsp;km in circumference, with two bulbous sections joined by a docking ring at the middle, it was a significant Covenant military base in the region, capable of resupplying up to 500 warships and carried thousands of Covenant personnel internally, including Banshee and Wraith pilots. It was destroyed by members of Spartan [[Blue Team]] during [[Operation: FIRST STRIKE]].

==Human==
While 26th-century humanity does not possess the technology required to construct megastructures on the scale of the Covenant or the Forerunners, they have built several habitats within mined-out [[asteroid]]s.
====Ancient Human====
Despite being a Tier 1 civilization, [[Ancient humanity]] was not as experienced in the fields of megascale engineering and [[slipspace]] technology as the Forerunners. For example, they were seemingly unable to construct megastructures on the scale of a [[Halo Array|Halo installation]].<ref name="p257">'''Halo: Primordium''', ''page 257''</ref>

===Rubble===
{{Main|The Rubble}}
The Rubble was a complex structure comprised of hundreds of asteroids, located in a [[Lagrange point]] between the gas giant [[Hesiod]] and its moon, [[Metisette]]. The habitats were made up of many asteroids that were linked together with docking tubes. Each of these asteroids had its own means of propulsion, and they were kept together by the machinations and calculations of the AI [[Juliana]]. She had been operating far past her normal 7 year life span and was rampant, but she had to remain in operation because the tasks that she performed were too difficult for humans. The asteroids that made up the Rubble were mined and constructed by a mix of Kig-yar and humans. The humans that lived on The Rubble were either insurrectionists, sympathizers or surviving colonists from the colony world [[Madrigal]].

===Eridanus Secundus===
{{Main|Eridanus Secundus}}
Built inside a hollowed out asteroid in the [[Eridanus system]], the Eridanus cell of the [[Insurrectionist]]s hid here until their leader, [[Colonel (UNSC)|Colonel]] [[Robert Watts|Watts]] was [[Assault on Eridanus Secundus|captured]] by members of the SPARTAN-II Program. It had several factories, schools, hotels and even a hospital built inside it as well as a large docking bay. It was later destroyed by a Covenant fleet in 2552.

==Precursor==
The long-vanished beings known as the [[Precursor]]s were known to have built megastructures unequaled by even the Forerunners. These included various massive constructs known as [[unbending filament]]s which could be used to link entire star systems.<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''page 114''</ref> Once a major Precursor world, [[Charum Hakkor]] once housed many feats of Precursor engineering. Precursor technology was based upon what the Forerunners called [[neural physics]], the specifics of which are largely unknown but which allowed them to make their creations virtually indestructible. However, it also rendered Precursor construction susceptible to the Halo effect.<ref>'''Halo: Cryptum''', ''page 103''</ref> As a result, most, if not all, feats of Precursor megascale engineering were supposedly destroyed by the galaxy-wide firing of the Halos.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Installation04 scaffolding.jpg|The foundational scaffolding beneath a Halo installation's terrestrial surface.
File:H3 Installation 08 Scaffolding.jpg|Scaffolding islands of a Halo installation.
File:H3_Ark_Planetoid_Concept.jpg|Early concept art of the Ark.
File:H3 Artificial sun.jpg|A image of the artificial sun at the Ark.
File:1209584069 MountainsoftheArk.jpg|A mountain range on the Ark in panorama.
File:HE-23-ArtiPlanet.png|A planet with twelve moons, each containing [[design seed]]s.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Space station]]
==Sources==
{{Ref/Sources}}

{{Forerunner|technology}}
[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Forerunner technology]]